--- title: Many bird bones are hollow with thin struts and connect to air sacs… — The end of the dinosaurs, and birds as living di… · tree and pragmatics description: Many bird bones are hollow with thin struts and connect to air sacs for breathing, which makes them light but still strong for flying; giant sauropod dinosaurs had air sacs in their bones too. Who acts: Many bird bones, giant sauropod dinosaurs. A sentence of the lesson «The end of the dinosaurs, an --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/76-end-of-the-dinosaurs-and-birds/14/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [The end of the dinosaurs, and birds as…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/76-end-of-the-dinosaurs-and-birds/) / 14 # The end of the dinosaurs, and birds as living dinosaurs, sentence 14 Many bird bones are hollow with thin struts and connect to air sacs for breathing, which makes them light but still strong for flying; giant sauropod dinosaurs had air sacs in their bones too. **Who acts:** Many bird bones, giant sauropod dinosaurs · **What happens:** be, connect, make, fly, have · **To what, where:** sacs, air sacs, bones This is a sentence of the lesson «The end of the dinosaurs, and birds as living dinosaurs» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Many bird bones, giant sauropod dinosaurs), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:076-end-of-the-dinosaurs-and-birds.lesson:14 # text = Many bird bones are hollow with thin struts and connect to air sacs for breathing, which makes them light but still strong for flying; giant sauropod dinosaurs had air sacs in their bones too. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 076-end-of-the-dinosaurs-and-birds.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Many many ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 3 amod _ _ 2 bird bird NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 compound _ _ 3 bones bone NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 nsubj _ _ 4 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 cop _ _ 5 hollow hollow ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 0 root _ _ 6 with with ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 7 thin thin ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 8 amod _ _ 8 struts strut NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 obl _ _ 9 and and CCONJ CC _ 10 cc _ _ 10 connect connect VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 conj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=5:conj|HaikuPos=VERB:VB:VerbForm=Inf 11 to to ADP IN _ 13 case _ _ 12 air air NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 compound _ _ 13 sacs sac NOUN NNS Number=Plur 10 obl _ _ 14 for for ADP IN _ 15 case _ _ 15 breathing breathing NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 nmod _ _ 16 , , PUNCT , _ 18 punct _ _ 17 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 18 nsubj _ _ 18 makes make VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 10 conj _ _ 19 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 18 obj _ _ 20 light light ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 18 xcomp _ _ 21 but but CCONJ CC _ 23 cc _ _ 22 still still ADV RB _ 23 advmod _ _ 23 strong strong ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 20 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=5:conj 24 for for SCONJ IN _ 25 mark _ _ 25 flying fly VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 23 advcl _ _ 26 ; ; PUNCT : _ 30 punct _ _ 27 giant giant ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 29 amod _ _ 28 sauropod sauropod NOUN NN Number=Sing 29 compound _ _ 29 dinosaurs dinosaur NOUN NNS Number=Plur 30 nsubj _ _ 30 had have VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 5 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=5:conj 31 air air NOUN NN Number=Sing 32 compound _ _ 32 sacs sac NOUN NNS Number=Plur 30 obj _ _ 33 in in ADP IN _ 35 case _ _ 34 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 35 nmod:poss _ _ 35 bones bone NOUN NNS Number=Plur 30 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=32:nmod 36 too too ADV RB _ 30 advmod _ _ 37 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is** | present | Many bird bones | | | | | with thin struts; hollow *property* | tree rules | | 2 | **connect** | present | Many bird bones *not said here* | | | | | to air sacs for breathing | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V PP.patient»: agent=Patient to sac=Co-Patient | | 3 | **make** | present | | sacs *= sac* | | | | light *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset they=Product | | 4 | **fly** | gerund | | | | | | | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 5 | **have** | past | giant sauropod dinosaurs | air sacs | | dinosaurs's bones | | | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sac=Patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:076-end-of-the-dinosaurs-and-birds.lesson:14`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [The end of the dinosaurs, and birds as…, 12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/76-end-of-the-dinosaurs-and-birds/12/) - next →: [The end of the dinosaurs, and birds as…, 15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/76-end-of-the-dinosaurs-and-birds/15/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/76-end-of-the-dinosaurs-and-birds/)