--- title: Passenger pigeons lived in flocks of billions in North America, but… — Endangered animals and extinction · tree and pragmatics description: Passenger pigeons lived in flocks of billions in North America, but hunting and the loss of forests wiped them out, and Martha, the last one, died at Cincinnati Zoo in 1914. Who acts: Passenger pigeons, hunting, Martha. A sentence of the lesson «Endangered animals and extinction» of the biology cour --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/77-endangered-animals-and-extinction/5/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Endangered animals and extinction](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/77-endangered-animals-and-extinction/) / 5 # Endangered animals and extinction, sentence 5 Passenger pigeons lived in flocks of billions in North America, but hunting and the loss of forests wiped them out, and Martha, the last one, died at Cincinnati Zoo in 1914. **Who acts:** Passenger pigeons, hunting, Martha · **What happens:** live, wipe out, die · **To what, where:** flocks, eggs, Cincinnati Zoo This is a sentence of the lesson «Endangered animals and extinction» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Passenger pigeons, hunting, Martha), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:077-endangered-animals-and-extinction.lesson:5 # text = Passenger pigeons lived in flocks of billions in North America, but hunting and the loss of forests wiped them out, and Martha, the last one, died at Cincinnati Zoo in 1914. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 077-endangered-animals-and-extinction.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Passenger passenger NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 compound _ _ 2 pigeons pigeon NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 nsubj _ _ 3 lived live VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 30 parataxis _ _ 4 in in ADP IN _ 5 case _ _ 5 flocks flock NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 obl _ _ 6 of of ADP IN _ 7 case _ _ 7 billions billion NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 nmod _ _ 8 in in ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 9 North North PROPN NNP Number=Sing 10 compound _ _ 10 America America PROPN NNP Number=Sing 7 nmod _ _ 11 , , PUNCT , _ 19 punct _ _ 12 but but CCONJ CC _ 19 cc _ _ 13 hunting hunting NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 nsubj _ _ 14 and and CCONJ CC _ 16 cc _ _ 15 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 16 det _ _ 16 loss loss NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 conj _ _ 17 of of ADP IN _ 18 case _ _ 18 forests forest NOUN NNS Number=Plur 16 nmod _ _ 19 wiped wipe VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ _ 20 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 19 obj _ _ 21 out out ADP RP _ 19 compound:prt _ _ 22 , , PUNCT , _ 24 punct _ _ 23 and and CCONJ CC _ 24 cc _ _ 24 Martha Martha PROPN NNP Number=Sing 30 nsubj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=19:parataxis 25 , , PUNCT , _ 28 punct _ _ 26 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 28 det _ _ 27 last last ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 28 amod _ _ 28 one one NOUN NN Number=Sing 24 appos _ _ 29 , , PUNCT , _ 2 punct _ _ 30 died die VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 31 at at ADP IN _ 33 case _ _ 32 Cincinnati Cincinnati PROPN NNP Number=Sing 33 compound _ _ 33 Zoo Zoo PROPN NNP Number=Sing 30 obl _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=30:obl|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 34 in in ADP IN _ 35 case _ _ 35 1914 1914 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 30 obl _ _ 36 . . PUNCT . _ 30 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: neg - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **live** | past | Passenger pigeons | | | flocks of billions in North America | | | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in flock=Location | | 2 | **wipe out** | past | hunting and the loss of forests | eggs *= egg* | | | | | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent they=Source | | 3 | **die** | past | Martha | | | Cincinnati Zoo | | in 1914 | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1 «NP.patient V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient in 1914=Attribute | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:077-endangered-animals-and-extinction.lesson:5`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Endangered animals and extinction, 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/77-endangered-animals-and-extinction/4/) - next →: [Endangered animals and extinction, 6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/77-endangered-animals-and-extinction/6/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/77-endangered-animals-and-extinction/)