---
title: The European robin sings all winter, both males and females defendin… — Animals of North America and Britain: moose, bal… · tree and pragmatics
description: The European robin sings all winter, both males and females defending territory with song, and its red breast warns rivals, so it may even attack a bunch of red feathers; it was voted Britain's favourite bird in 2015. Who acts: European robin, males, red breast, robin. A sentence of the lesson «Anim
---

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# Animals of North America and Britain: moose, bald eagles, raccoons, beavers, foxes, badgers, hedgehogs, robins, sentence 11

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The European robin sings all winter, both males and females defending territory with song, and its red breast warns rivals, so it may even attack a bunch of red feathers; it was voted Britain's favourite bird in 2015.

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**Who acts:** European robin, males, red breast, robin · **What happens:** sing, defend, warn, attack, vote · **To what, where:** territory, rivals, bunch, robin, 2015

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Animals of North America and Britain: moose, bald eagles, raccoons, beavers, foxes, badgers, hedgehogs, robins» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (European robin, males, red breast, robin), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:080-animals-of-north-america-and-britain.lesson:11
# text = The European robin sings all winter, both males and females defending territory with song, and its red breast warns rivals, so it may even attack a bunch of red feathers; it was voted Britain's favourite bird in 2015.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 080-animals-of-north-america-and-britain.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R7-rel-agree ×3
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=4:det
2	European	European	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=4:amod
3	robin	robin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=4:compound
4	sings	sing	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	6	det	_	_
6	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=4:nmod:unmarked
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	both	both	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc:preconj	_	_
9	males	male	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	females	female	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	_
12	defending	defend	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	acl	_	_
13	territory	territory	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
14	with	with	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	song	song	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
18	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	20	nmod:poss	_	_
19	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	breast	breast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nsubj	_	_
21	warns	warn	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=12:conj
22	rivals	rival	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	obj	_	_
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
24	so	so	ADV	RB	_	28	advmod	_	_
25	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	28	nsubj	_	_
26	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	28	aux	_	_
27	even	even	ADV	RB	_	28	advmod	_	_
28	attack	attack	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	advcl	_	_
29	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
30	bunch	bunch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obj	_	_
31	of	of	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
32	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	_
33	feathers	feather	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	30	nmod	_	_
34	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
35	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	37	nsubj:pass	_	_
36	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	37	aux:pass	_	_
37	voted	vote	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	parataxis	_	_
38	Britain	Britain	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	41	nmod:poss	_	_
39	's	's	PART	POS	_	38	case	_	_
40	favourite	favourite	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	41	amod	_	_
41	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	xcomp	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=37:obj
42	in	in	ADP	IN	_	43	case	_	_
43	2015	2015	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	37	obl	_	_
44	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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No stored speech act for this sentence.

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sing** *speech: express* | present | the European robin |  |  |  | winter |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **defend** | gerund | males and females *not said here* | territory |  |  |  | with song | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent territory=Beneficiary |
| 3 | **warn** *speech: warn* | present | robin's red breast | rivals |  |  |  |  | vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent rival=Recipient |
| 4 | **attack** | may | robin | a bunch of red feathers |  |  |  |  | vn attack-60.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bunch=Patient |
| 5 | **vote** | past · passive |  | robin |  | 2015 |  |  | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:080-animals-of-north-america-and-britain.lesson:11`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R7-rel-agree ×3. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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