---
title: Millions of monarch butterflies fly up to about 4,000 kilometres fro… — Animals of North America and Britain: moose, bal… · tree and pragmatics
description: Millions of monarch butterflies fly up to about 4,000 kilometres from eastern North America to Mexico each autumn, using the sun and a body clock, though none of them has been there before. Who acts: Millions, none. A sentence of the lesson «Animals of North America and Britain: moose, bald eagles, 
---

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# Animals of North America and Britain: moose, bald eagles, raccoons, beavers, foxes, badgers, hedgehogs, robins, sentence 15

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Millions of monarch butterflies fly up to about 4,000 kilometres from eastern North America to Mexico each autumn, using the sun and a body clock, though none of them has been there before.

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**Who acts:** Millions, none · **What happens:** fly up, use, be · **To what, where:** Mexico, sun

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Animals of North America and Britain: moose, bald eagles, raccoons, beavers, foxes, badgers, hedgehogs, robins» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Millions, none), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:080-animals-of-north-america-and-britain.lesson:15
# text = Millions of monarch butterflies fly up to about 4,000 kilometres from eastern North America to Mexico each autumn, using the sun and a body clock, though none of them has been there before.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 080-animals-of-north-america-and-britain.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1
1	Millions	million	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	monarch	monarch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	butterflies	butterfly	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
5	fly	fly	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	up	up	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	about	about	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	4,000	4,000	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	10	nummod	_	_
10	kilometres	kilometre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
11	from	from	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	eastern	eastern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
13	North	North	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	America	America	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
15	to	to	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	Mexico	Mexico	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
17	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	18	det	_	_
18	autumn	autumn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl:unmarked	_	_
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
20	using	use	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	sun	sun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
24	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
25	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	compound	_	_
26	clock	clock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	conj	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=5:conj
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
28	though	though	SCONJ	IN	_	34	mark	_	_
29	none	none	PRON	NN	PronType=Neg	34	nsubj	_	_
30	of	of	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
31	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	29	nmod	_	_
32	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	34	aux	_	_
33	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	34	cop	_	_
34	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	5	advcl	_	_
35	before	before	ADV	RB	_	34	advmod	_	_
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fly up** | present | Millions of monarch butterflies |  | Mexico |  | autumn | to 4,000 kilometres from eastern North America *result* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme to kilometre=Result |
| 2 | **use** | gerund | Millions of monarch butterflies *not said here* | the sun and a body clock |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sun=Patient |
| 3 | **is** | present · perfect | none |  |  |  |  | before, there *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:080-animals-of-north-america-and-britain.lesson:15`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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