--- title: Howler monkeys are among the loudest land animals; a big hollow bone… — The monkey house and the lemurs of Madagascar · tree and pragmatics description: Howler monkeys are among the loudest land animals; a big hollow bone in the throat makes their dawn calls echo, grow louder and carry for several kilometres. Who acts: Howler monkeys, big hollow bone, dawn calls, monkeys. A sentence of the lesson «The monkey house and the lemurs of Madagascar» of th --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/86-monkey-house-and-lemurs-of-madagascar/10/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [The monkey house and the lemurs of Mad…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/86-monkey-house-and-lemurs-of-madagascar/) / 10 # The monkey house and the lemurs of Madagascar, sentence 10 Howler monkeys are among the loudest land animals; a big hollow bone in the throat makes their dawn calls echo, grow louder and carry for several kilometres. **Who acts:** Howler monkeys, big hollow bone, dawn calls, monkeys · **What happens:** be, make, echo, grow, carry, call · **To what, where:** dawn calls · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «The monkey house and the lemurs of Madagascar» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Howler monkeys, big hollow bone, dawn calls, monkeys), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:086-monkey-house-and-lemurs-of-madagascar.lesson:10 # text = Howler monkeys are among the loudest land animals; a big hollow bone in the throat makes their dawn calls echo, grow louder and carry for several kilometres. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 086-monkey-house-and-lemurs-of-madagascar.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1 1 Howler howler NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 compound _ _ 2 monkeys monkey NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 nsubj _ _ 3 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 8 cop _ _ 4 among among ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 5 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 8 det _ _ 6 loudest loud ADJ JJS Degree=Sup 8 amod _ _ 7 land land NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 compound _ _ 8 animals animal NOUN NNS Number=Plur 0 root _ _ 9 ; ; PUNCT , _ 17 punct _ _ 10 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 13 det _ _ 11 big big ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 13 amod _ _ 12 hollow hollow ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 13 amod _ _ 13 bone bone NOUN NN Number=Sing 17 nsubj _ _ 14 in in ADP IN _ 16 case _ _ 15 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 16 det _ _ 16 throat throat NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 nmod _ _ 17 makes make VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 8 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=8:conj 18 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 20 nmod:poss _ _ 19 dawn dawn NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 compound _ _ 20 calls call NOUN NNS Number=Plur 17 obj _ _ 21 echo echo VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 17 xcomp _ _ 22 , , PUNCT , _ 23 punct _ Agree=R2-punct-next|Haiku=21:punct 23 grow grow VERB VB Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin 21 conj _ _ 24 louder loud ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 23 xcomp _ _ 25 and and CCONJ CC _ 26 cc _ _ 26 carry carry VERB VB Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin 23 conj _ _ 27 for for ADP IN _ 29 case _ _ 28 several several ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 29 amod _ _ 29 kilometres kilometre NOUN NNS Number=Plur 26 obl _ _ 30 . . PUNCT . _ 8 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is** | present | Howler monkeys | | | | | among the loudest land animals | tree rules | | 2 | **make** | present | a big hollow bone in the throat | monkeys's dawn calls | | | | | tree rules | | 3 | **echo** | infinitive | monkeys's dawn calls *not said here* | | | | | | vn sound\_existence-47.4 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 4 | **grow** | infinitive | monkeys's dawn calls *not said here* | | | | | loud *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 5 | **carry** | infinitive | monkeys's dawn calls *not said here* | | | | | for several kilometres | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | | 6 | **call** | | monkeys *= monkey* | | | | | | nom call «communication transitive»: poss=agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:086-monkey-house-and-lemurs-of-madagascar.lesson:10`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [The monkey house and the lemurs of Mad…, 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/86-monkey-house-and-lemurs-of-madagascar/9/) - next →: [The monkey house and the lemurs of Mad…, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/86-monkey-house-and-lemurs-of-madagascar/11/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/86-monkey-house-and-lemurs-of-madagascar/)