--- title: Rays are flat relatives of sharks with cartilage skeletons; they hid… — The aquarium: the shark tunnel and the rays · tree and pragmatics description: Rays are flat relatives of sharks with cartilage skeletons; they hide in sand and eat shellfish and worms, and a stingray's barb on its tail is only for defence. Who acts: Rays, sharks, barb. A sentence of the lesson «The aquarium: the shark tunnel and the rays» of the biology course of Mova's prima --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/91-the-aquarium-the-shark-tunnel-and-the-rays/10/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [The aquarium: the shark tunnel and the…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/91-the-aquarium-the-shark-tunnel-and-the-rays/) / 10 # The aquarium: the shark tunnel and the rays, sentence 10 Rays are flat relatives of sharks with cartilage skeletons; they hide in sand and eat shellfish and worms, and a stingray's barb on its tail is only for defence. **Who acts:** Rays, sharks, barb · **What happens:** be, hide, eat · **To what, where:** flat relatives, sand, shellfish This is a sentence of the lesson «The aquarium: the shark tunnel and the rays» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Rays, sharks, barb), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:091-the-aquarium-the-shark-tunnel-and-the-rays.lesson:10 # text = Rays are flat relatives of sharks with cartilage skeletons; they hide in sand and eat shellfish and worms, and a stingray's barb on its tail is only for defence. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 091-the-aquarium-the-shark-tunnel-and-the-rays.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1 1 Rays ray NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 nsubj _ _ 2 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 cop _ _ 3 flat flat ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 4 amod _ _ 4 relatives relative NOUN NNS Number=Plur 0 root _ _ 5 of of ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 6 sharks shark NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 nmod _ _ 7 with with ADP IN _ 9 case _ _ 8 cartilage cartilage NOUN NN Number=Sing 9 compound _ _ 9 skeletons skeleton NOUN NNS Number=Plur 6 nmod _ _ 10 ; ; PUNCT , _ 12 punct _ _ 11 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 12 nsubj _ _ 12 hide hide VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=4:conj 13 in in ADP IN _ 14 case _ _ 14 sand sand NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 obl _ _ 15 and and CCONJ CC _ 16 cc _ _ 16 eat eat VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 12 conj _ _ 17 shellfish shellfish NOUN NNS Number=Plur 16 obj _ _ 18 and and CCONJ CC _ 19 cc _ _ 19 worms worm NOUN NNS Number=Plur 17 conj _ _ 20 , , PUNCT , _ 32 punct _ _ 21 and and CCONJ CC _ 32 cc _ _ 22 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 23 det _ _ 23 stingray stingray NOUN NN Number=Sing 25 nmod:poss _ _ 24 's 's PART POS _ 23 case _ _ 25 barb barb NOUN NN Number=Sing 32 nsubj _ _ 26 on on ADP IN _ 28 case _ _ 27 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 28 nmod:poss _ _ 28 tail tail NOUN NN Number=Sing 25 nmod _ _ 29 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 32 cop _ _ 30 only only ADV RB _ 32 advmod _ _ 31 for for ADP IN _ 32 case _ _ 32 defence defence NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 conj _ Agree=R3-conj-first|Haiku=12:conj 33 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is a** | present | Rays | flat relatives and defence | | | | of sharks with cartilage skeletons | tree rules | | 2 | **hide** | present | sharks *= shark* | | | sand | | | vn concealment-16-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in sand=Location | | 3 | **eat** | present | sharks *= shark* *not said here* | shellfish and worms | | | | | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shellfish=Patient | | 4 | **is** | present | a stingray's barb on barb's tail | | | | | for defence | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:091-the-aquarium-the-shark-tunnel-and-the-rays.lesson:10`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [The aquarium: the shark tunnel and the…, 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/91-the-aquarium-the-shark-tunnel-and-the-rays/9/) - next →: [The aquarium: the shark tunnel and the…, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/91-the-aquarium-the-shark-tunnel-and-the-rays/11/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/91-the-aquarium-the-shark-tunnel-and-the-rays/)