--- title: Real life: the Greeks borrowed it and added vowels; the Romans took… — Just So Stories, How the Alphabet Was Made, part… · tree and pragmatics description: Real life: the Greeks borrowed it and added vowels; the Romans took it from the Greeks and the Etruscans and made the Latin alphabet, which English uses. Who acts: Greeks, Romans, English. A sentence of the lesson «Just So Stories, How the Alphabet Was Made, part 3: «the Alphabet, all complete», and --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/books/89-justso-alphabet-3-the-alphabet-all-complete/23/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Books](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/books/) / [Just So Stories, How the Alphabet Was…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/books/89-justso-alphabet-3-the-alphabet-all-complete/) / 23 # Just So Stories, How the Alphabet Was Made, part 3: «the Alphabet, all complete», and how letters really began, sentence 23 Real life: the Greeks borrowed it and added vowels; the Romans took it from the Greeks and the Etruscans and made the Latin alphabet, which English uses. **Who acts:** Greeks, Romans, English · **What happens:** borrow, add, take, make, use · **To what, where:** life, vowels, Greeks, Latin alphabet This is a sentence of the lesson «Just So Stories, How the Alphabet Was Made, part 3: «the Alphabet, all complete», and how letters really began» of the books course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Greeks, Romans, English), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:books:089-justso-alphabet-3-the-alphabet-all-complete.lesson:23 # text = Real life: the Greeks borrowed it and added vowels; the Romans took it from the Greeks and the Etruscans and made the Latin alphabet, which English uses. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = books # lesson = 089-justso-alphabet-3-the-alphabet-all-complete.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×2 1 Real real ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 2 amod _ _ 2 life life NOUN NN Number=Sing 0 root _ _ 3 : : PUNCT : _ 5 punct _ _ 4 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 5 det _ _ 5 Greeks greek NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 appos _ _ 6 borrowed borrow VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 5 acl _ _ 7 it it PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 6 obj _ _ 8 and and CCONJ CC _ 9 cc _ _ 9 added add VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 6 conj _ _ 10 vowels vowel NOUN NNS Number=Plur 9 obj _ _ 11 ; ; PUNCT : _ 14 punct _ _ 12 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 13 det _ _ 13 Romans Roman PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 14 nsubj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=14:nsubj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NNS:Number=Plur 14 took take VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 5 conj _ _ 15 it it PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 14 obj _ _ 16 from from ADP IN _ 18 case _ _ 17 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 18 det _ _ 18 Greeks Greek PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 14 obl _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=14:obl|HaikuPos=NOUN:NNS:Number=Plur 19 and and CCONJ CC _ 21 cc _ _ 20 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 21 det _ _ 21 Etruscans Etruscan PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 18 conj _ _ 22 and and CCONJ CC _ 23 cc _ _ 23 made make VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 14 conj _ _ 24 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 26 det _ _ 25 Latin Latin ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 26 amod _ _ 26 alphabet alphabet NOUN NN Number=Sing 23 obj _ _ 27 , , PUNCT , _ 30 punct _ _ 28 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 30 obj _ _ 29 English English PROPN NNP Number=Sing 30 nsubj _ _ 30 uses use VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 26 acl:relcl _ _ 31 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **borrow** | participle | the Greeks *not said here* | life | | | | | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme | | 2 | **add** *speech: assert* | past | the Greeks *not said here* | vowels | | | | | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent vowel=Patient | | 3 | **take** | past | the Romans | life | | the Greeks and the Etruscans | | | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location»: agent=Agent it=Theme from greek=Initial\_Location | | 4 | **make** | past | the Romans *not said here* | the Latin alphabet | | | | | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset alphabet=Product | | 5 | **use** | present | English | the Latin alphabet | | | | | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent which=Patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:books:089-justso-alphabet-3-the-alphabet-all-complete.lesson:23`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Just So Stories, How the Alphabet Was…, 22](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/books/89-justso-alphabet-3-the-alphabet-all-complete/22/) - next →: [Just So Stories, How the Alphabet Was…, 24](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/books/89-justso-alphabet-3-the-alphabet-all-complete/24/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/books/89-justso-alphabet-3-the-alphabet-all-complete/)