--- title: Ancient Greek thinkers guessed at four elements (earth, air, fire an… — What is everything made of? · tree and pragmatics description: Ancient Greek thinkers guessed at four elements (earth, air, fire and water); Democritus guessed at uncuttable bits he called atoms («atom» comes from the Greek for «cannot be cut»), but only later experiments showed atoms are real. Who acts: Ancient Greek thinkers, Democritus, atom, later experimen --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/chemistry/1-what-is-everything-made-of/19/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Chemistry](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/chemistry/) / [What is everything made of?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/chemistry/1-what-is-everything-made-of/) / 19 # What is everything made of?, sentence 19 Ancient Greek thinkers guessed at four elements (earth, air, fire and water); Democritus guessed at uncuttable bits he called atoms («atom» comes from the Greek for «cannot be cut»), but only later experiments showed atoms are real. **Who acts:** Ancient Greek thinkers, Democritus, atom, later experiments, atoms · **What happens:** guess, call, come, not cut, show, be · **To what, where:** four elements, uncuttable bits, atoms, Greek · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «What is everything made of?» of the chemistry course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Ancient Greek thinkers, Democritus, atom, later experiments), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:chemistry:001-what-is-everything-made-of.lesson:19 # text = Ancient Greek thinkers guessed at four elements (earth, air, fire and water); Democritus guessed at uncuttable bits he called atoms («atom» comes from the Greek for «cannot be cut»), but only later experiments showed atoms are real. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = chemistry # lesson = 001-what-is-everything-made-of.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R5-strong ×2, R6-punct-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Ancient ancient ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 3 amod _ _ 2 Greek Greek ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 3 amod _ _ 3 thinkers thinker NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 nsubj _ _ 4 guessed guess VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 5 at at ADP IN _ 7 case _ _ 6 four four NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 7 nummod _ _ 7 elements element NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 obl _ _ 8 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 9 punct _ _ 9 earth earth NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 appos _ _ 10 , , PUNCT , _ 11 punct _ _ 11 air air NOUN NN Number=Sing 9 conj _ _ 12 , , PUNCT , _ 13 punct _ _ 13 fire fire NOUN NN Number=Sing 9 conj _ _ 14 and and CCONJ CC _ 15 cc _ _ 15 water water NOUN NN Number=Sing 9 conj _ _ 16 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 9 punct _ _ 17 ; ; PUNCT , _ 19 punct _ Agree=R2-punct-next|Haiku=4:punct 18 Democritus Democritus PROPN NNP Number=Sing 19 nsubj _ _ 19 guessed guess VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 4 conj _ _ 20 at at ADP IN _ 22 case _ _ 21 uncuttable uncuttable ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 22 amod _ _ 22 bits bit NOUN NNS Number=Plur 19 obl _ _ 23 he he PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 24 nsubj _ _ 24 called call VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 22 acl:relcl _ _ 25 atoms atom NOUN NNS Number=Plur 24 xcomp _ _ 26 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 30 punct _ _ 27 « « PUNCT `` _ 28 punct _ _ 28 atom atom NOUN NN Number=Sing 30 nsubj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=25:nmod 29 » » PUNCT '' _ 28 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=30:punct 30 comes come VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 parataxis _ _ 31 from from ADP IN _ 33 case _ _ 32 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 33 det _ _ 33 Greek Greek PROPN NNP Number=Sing 30 obl _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=30:obl|HaikuPos=ADJ:JJ:Degree=Pos 34 for for SCONJ IN _ 39 mark _ _ 35 « « PUNCT `` _ 39 punct _ _ 36 can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 39 aux _ _ 37 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 39 advmod _ _ 38 be be AUX VB VerbForm=Inf 39 aux:pass _ _ 39 cut cut VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 33 advcl _ _ 40 » » PUNCT '' _ 39 punct _ _ 41 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 30 punct _ _ 42 , , PUNCT , _ 47 punct _ _ 43 but but CCONJ CC _ 47 cc _ _ 44 only only ADV RB _ 45 advmod _ _ 45 later late ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 46 amod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=47:advmod|HaikuPos=ADV:RBR:Degree=Cmp 46 experiments experiment NOUN NNS Number=Plur 47 nsubj _ _ 47 showed show VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 4 conj _ _ 48 atoms atom NOUN NNS Number=Plur 50 nsubj _ _ 49 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 50 cop _ _ 50 real real ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 47 ccomp _ _ 51 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=24:punct ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **guess** | past | Ancient Greek thinkers | | | four elements | | | vn estimate-34.2-1-1 «NP V NP PP.value»: agent=Agent at element=Value | | 2 | **guess** | past | Democritus | | | uncuttable bits | | | vn estimate-34.2-1-1 «NP V NP PP.value»: agent=Agent at bit=Value | | 3 | **call** *speech: assert* | past | Democritus | atoms | | | | | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent bit=Recipient | | 4 | **come** | present | atom | | | the Greek | | | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from greek=Initial\_Location | | 5 | **not** **cut** *in a quote* | can · passive | atom *not said here* | | | | | | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle» | | 6 | **show** | past | later experiments | | | | | | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 7 | **is** | present | atoms | | | | | real *property* | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:chemistry:001-what-is-everything-made-of.lesson:19`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R5-strong ×2, R6-punct-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [What is everything made of?, 18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/chemistry/1-what-is-everything-made-of/18/) - next →: [What is everything made of?, 20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/chemistry/1-what-is-everything-made-of/20/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/chemistry/1-what-is-everything-made-of/)