---
title: The silver has tarnished: its surface joined with tiny amounts of su… — Tarnish and how metals change · tree and pragmatics
description: The silver has tarnished: its surface joined with tiny amounts of sulphur gases in the air and made a thin dark layer. Who acts: silver, surface. A sentence of the lesson «Tarnish and how metals change» of the chemistry course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of e
---

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# Tarnish and how metals change, sentence 1

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The silver has tarnished: its surface joined with tiny amounts of sulphur gases in the air and made a thin dark layer.

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**Who acts:** silver, surface · **What happens:** tarnish, join, make, amount · **To what, where:** thin dark layer, sulphur gases

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Tarnish and how metals change» of the chemistry course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (silver, surface), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:chemistry:014-tarnish-and-how-metals-change.lesson:1
# text = The silver has tarnished: its surface joined with tiny amounts of sulphur gases in the air and made a thin dark layer.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = chemistry
# lesson = 014-tarnish-and-how-metals-change.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	silver	silver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	tarnished	tarnish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
6	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	joined	join	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=4:advcl|HaikuPos=VERB:VBN:Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part
9	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	amounts	amount	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	sulphur	sulphur	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	gases	gas	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod	_	_
15	in	in	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	conj	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
21	thin	thin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
22	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	layer	layer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	_
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tarnish** | present · perfect | the silver |  |  |  |  |  | vn entity\_specific\_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **join** | past | silver's surface |  |  |  |  | with tiny amounts of sulphur gases in the air | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V PP.patient»: agent=Patient with amount=Co-Patient |
| 3 | **make** | past | silver's surface *not said here* | a thin dark layer |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset layer=Product |
| 4 | **amount** |  |  | sulphur gases in the air |  |  |  |  | nom amount «possession transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:chemistry:014-tarnish-and-how-metals-change.lesson:1`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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