---
title: Mix-ups are part of learning by ear; every learner makes them, and t… — The four tones: same sound, different meaning · tree and pragmatics
description: Mix-ups are part of learning by ear; every learner makes them, and the friends' giggles are friendly. Who acts: Mix ups, learner, giggles, friends. A sentence of the lesson «The four tones: same sound, different meaning» of the chinese street course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree 
---

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# The four tones: same sound, different meaning, sentence 4

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mix-ups are part of learning by ear; every learner makes them, and the friends' giggles are friendly.

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**Who acts:** Mix ups, learner, giggles, friends · **What happens:** be, learn, make, giggle · **To what, where:** part, ups

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This is a sentence of the lesson «The four tones: same sound, different meaning» of the chinese street course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Mix ups, learner, giggles, friends), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:chinese-street:002-the-four-tones.lesson:4
# text = Mix-ups are part of learning by ear; every learner makes them, and the friends' giggles are friendly.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = chinese-street
# lesson = 002-the-four-tones.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change
1	Mix	mix	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
2	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	1	punct	_	_
3	ups	up	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	learning	learn	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	nmod	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	ear	ear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
10	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	12	det	_	_
12	learner	learner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
13	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
14	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	obj	_	_
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	friends	friend	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	nmod:poss	_	_
19	'	's	PART	POS	_	18	case	_	_
20	giggles	giggle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	nsubj	_	_
21	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	22	cop	_	_
22	friendly	friendly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	conj	_	_
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Mix ups | part |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **learn** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | by ear | vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **make** | present | every learner | ups *= up* |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset they=Product |
| 4 | **is** | present | the friends's giggles |  |  |  |  | friendly *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **giggle** |  | the friends |  |  |  |  |  | nom giggle «communication intransitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:chinese-street:002-the-four-tones.lesson:4`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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