--- title: mǎ («mah» dipping low, then a little up) is the third tone, and mǎ m… — The four tones: same sound, different meaning · tree and pragmatics description: mǎ («mah» dipping low, then a little up) is the third tone, and mǎ means horse; in fast talk it often just goes low and stays there. Who acts: up, mǎ, horse. A sentence of the lesson «The four tones: same sound, different meaning» of the chinese street course of Mova's primary school with its depend --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/chinese-street/2-the-four-tones/8/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Chinese street](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/chinese-street/) / [The four tones: same sound, different…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/chinese-street/2-the-four-tones/) / 8 # The four tones: same sound, different meaning, sentence 8 mǎ («mah» dipping low, then a little up) is the third tone, and mǎ means horse; in fast talk it often just goes low and stays there. **Who acts:** up, mǎ, horse · **What happens:** dip, be, means, go, stay · **To what, where:** third tone, horse, fast talk This is a sentence of the lesson «The four tones: same sound, different meaning» of the chinese street course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (up, mǎ, horse), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:chinese-street:002-the-four-tones.lesson:8 # text = mǎ («mah» dipping low, then a little up) is the third tone, and mǎ means horse; in fast talk it often just goes low and stays there. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = chinese-street # lesson = 002-the-four-tones.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 mǎ mǎ PROPN NNP Number=Sing 17 nsubj _ _ 2 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 4 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=12:punct 3 « « PUNCT `` _ 4 punct _ _ 4 mah mah INTJ UH _ 12 discourse _ _ 5 » » PUNCT '' _ 4 punct _ _ 6 dipping dip VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 12 acl _ _ 7 low low ADV RB Degree=Pos 6 advmod _ _ 8 , , PUNCT , _ 12 punct _ _ 9 then then ADV RB _ 12 advmod _ _ 10 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 11 det _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=12:det 11 little little ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 12 obl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=12:amod 12 up up NOUN NN Number=Sing 1 appos _ _ 13 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 12 punct _ _ 14 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 17 cop _ _ 15 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 17 det _ _ 16 third third ADJ JJ Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord 17 amod _ _ 17 tone tone NOUN NN Number=Sing 0 root _ _ 18 , , PUNCT , _ 21 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=22:punct 19 and and CCONJ CC _ 21 cc _ _ 20 mǎ mǎ PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 21 nsubj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=21:nsubj|HaikuPos=PROPN:NNP:Number=Sing 21 means means VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 17 conj _ _ 22 horse horse NOUN NN Number=Sing 21 obj _ _ 23 ; ; PUNCT , _ 26 punct _ _ 24 in in ADP IN _ 26 case _ _ 25 fast fast ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 26 amod _ _ 26 talk talk NOUN NN Number=Sing 30 obl _ _ 27 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 30 nsubj _ _ 28 often often ADV RB _ 30 advmod _ _ 29 just just ADV RB _ 30 advmod _ _ 30 goes go VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 17 parataxis _ _ 31 low low ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 30 xcomp _ _ 32 and and CCONJ CC _ 33 cc _ _ 33 stays stay VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 30 conj _ _ 34 there there ADV RB PronType=Dem 33 advmod _ _ 35 . . PUNCT . _ 17 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **dip** | gerund | up *not said here* | | | | | low *property* | vn meander-47.7-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 2 | **is a** | present | mǎ | the third tone | | | | | tree rules | | 3 | **means** | present | mǎ | horse | | | | | tree rules | | 4 | **go** | present | horse | | | fast talk | | low, often *property* | vn occur-48.3-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme in talk=Location | | 5 | **stay** | present | horse *not said here* | | | there | | | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:chinese-street:002-the-four-tones.lesson:8`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [The four tones: same sound, different…, 6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/chinese-street/2-the-four-tones/6/) - next →: [The four tones: same sound, different…, 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/chinese-street/2-the-four-tones/9/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/chinese-street/2-the-four-tones/)