---
title: The relative pronoun can often be left out when it is not the subjec… — Relative clauses · tree and pragmatics
description: The relative pronoun can often be left out when it is not the subject of the clause: «the book I read». Who acts: meaning, relative clause. A sentence of the lesson «Relative clauses» of the english course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Relative clauses, sentence 21

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The relative pronoun can often be left out when it is not the subject of the clause: «the book I read».

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**Who acts:** meaning, relative clause · **What happens:** leave out, not be, read · **To what, where:** relative pronoun, subject, book

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Relative clauses» of the english course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (meaning, relative clause), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:english:030-relative-clauses.lesson:21
# text = The relative pronoun can often be left out when it is not the subject of the clause: «the book I read».
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = english
# lesson = 030-relative-clauses.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	relative	relative	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	pronoun	pronoun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
5	often	often	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
6	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	out	out	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	_
9	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	14	advmod	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
11	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
12	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	14	advmod	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	subject	subject	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	advcl	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	clause	clause	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	_
18	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	21	punct	_	_
19	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	21	punct	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	appos	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=17:conj
22	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	23	nsubj	_	_
23	read	read	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	acl:relcl	_	_
24	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	21	punct	_	_
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave out** | can · passive |  | the relative pronoun |  |  |  | often *property* | vn neglect-75.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **not** **is a** | present | meaning | the subject |  |  |  | of the clause | tree rules |
| 3 | **read** *in a quote* | past | a relative clause *= clause* | the book *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent book=Topic |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:english:030-relative-clauses.lesson:21`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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