--- title: An apostrophe is a little raised comma with two jobs: it marks lette… — Apostrophes: missing letters and belonging · tree and pragmatics description: An apostrophe is a little raised comma with two jobs: it marks letters that have been squeezed out ("do not" becomes "don't") and it shows that something belongs to someone ("the dog's bone"). Who acts: apostrophe, it, something. A sentence of the lesson «Apostrophes: missing letters and belonging» --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/34-apostrophes-missing-letters-and-belonging/0/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/) / [Apostrophes: missing letters and belon…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/34-apostrophes-missing-letters-and-belonging/) / 0 # Apostrophes: missing letters and belonging, sentence 0 An apostrophe is a little raised comma with two jobs: it marks letters that have been squeezed out ("do not" becomes "don't") and it shows that something belongs to someone ("the dog's bone"). **Who acts:** apostrophe, it, something · **What happens:** raise, be, mark, squeeze out, not become, show · **To what, where:** little raised comma, letters · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Apostrophes: missing letters and belonging» of the english course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (apostrophe, it, something), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:english:034-apostrophes-missing-letters-and-belonging.lesson:0 # text = An apostrophe is a little raised comma with two jobs: it marks letters that have been squeezed out ("do not" becomes "don't") and it shows that something belongs to someone ("the dog's bone"). # source = school lesson (ours) # course = english # lesson = 034-apostrophes-missing-letters-and-belonging.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 An a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 apostrophe apostrophe NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 nsubj _ _ 3 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 7 cop _ _ 4 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 7 det _ _ 5 little little ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 7 amod _ _ 6 raised raise VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 7 amod _ _ 7 comma comma NOUN NN Number=Sing 0 root _ _ 8 with with ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 9 two two NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 10 nummod _ _ 10 jobs job NOUN NNS Number=Plur 7 nmod _ _ 11 : : PUNCT : _ 13 punct _ _ 12 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 13 nsubj _ _ 13 marks mark VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 7 parataxis _ _ 14 letters letter NOUN NNS Number=Plur 13 obj _ _ 15 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 18 nsubj:pass _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=18:obj 16 have have AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 18 aux _ _ 17 been be AUX VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 18 aux:pass _ _ 18 squeezed squeeze VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 14 acl:relcl _ _ 19 out out ADP RP _ 18 compound:prt _ _ 20 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 25 punct _ _ 21 " " PUNCT `` _ 25 punct _ _ 22 do do AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 25 aux _ _ 23 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 25 advmod _ _ 24 " " PUNCT '' _ 25 punct _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=25:punct|HaikuPos=PUNCT:``:_ 25 becomes become VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 13 conj _ _ 26 " " PUNCT `` _ 27 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=25:punct|HaikuPos=PUNCT:'':_ 27 do do AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 25 parataxis _ _ 28 n't not PART RB Polarity=Neg 27 advmod _ _ 29 " " PUNCT '' _ 27 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=25:punct 30 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 25 punct _ _ 31 and and CCONJ CC _ 33 cc _ _ 32 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 33 nsubj _ _ 33 shows show VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 13 conj _ _ 34 that that SCONJ IN _ 36 mark _ _ 35 something something PRON NN Number=Sing|PronType=Ind 36 nsubj _ _ 36 belongs belong VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 33 ccomp _ _ 37 to to ADP IN _ 38 case _ _ 38 someone someone PRON NN Number=Sing|PronType=Ind 36 obl _ _ 39 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 44 punct _ _ 40 " " PUNCT `` _ 44 punct _ _ 41 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 42 det _ _ 42 dog dog NOUN NN Number=Sing 44 nmod:poss _ _ 43 's 's PART POS _ 42 case _ _ 44 bone bone NOUN NN Number=Sing 38 appos _ _ 45 " " PUNCT '' _ 44 punct _ _ 46 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 44 punct _ _ 47 . . PUNCT . _ 7 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **raise** | participle | | | | | | | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | | 2 | **is a** | present | a apostrophe | a little raised comma | | | | with two jobs | tree rules | | 3 | **mark** | present | apostrophe | letters | | | | | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent letter=Destination | | 4 | **squeeze out** | present · perfect · passive | | letters | | | | | vn push-12-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | | 5 | **not** **become** | present · do-support | apostrophe *not said here* | | | | | | tree rules | | 6 | **show** | present | it | | | | | | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 7 | **belong** | present | something | | | | | to someone | vn attend-107.4-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:english:034-apostrophes-missing-letters-and-belonging.lesson:0`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Commas: lists, clauses and clarity, 17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/33-commas-lists-clauses-and-clarity/17/) - next →: [Apostrophes: missing letters and belon…, 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/34-apostrophes-missing-letters-and-belonging/1/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/34-apostrophes-missing-letters-and-belonging/)