--- title: Direct speech is the exact words a character says, and inverted comm… — Direct speech: inverted commas and new speakers · tree and pragmatics description: Direct speech is the exact words a character says, and inverted commas (also called speech marks) hug those words like a speech bubble in a comic: "Hello," said Sam. Who acts: Direct speech, character, inverted commas, Sam. A sentence of the lesson «Direct speech: inverted commas and new speakers» o --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/35-direct-speech-inverted-commas-and-new-speakers/0/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/) / [Direct speech: inverted commas and new…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/35-direct-speech-inverted-commas-and-new-speakers/) / 0 # Direct speech: inverted commas and new speakers, sentence 0 Direct speech is the exact words a character says, and inverted commas (also called speech marks) hug those words like a speech bubble in a comic: "Hello," said Sam. **Who acts:** Direct speech, character, inverted commas, Sam · **What happens:** be, say, invert, call, hug · **To what, where:** exact words, speech marks, words · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Direct speech: inverted commas and new speakers» of the english course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Direct speech, character, inverted commas, Sam), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:english:035-direct-speech-inverted-commas-and-new-speakers.lesson:0 # text = Direct speech is the exact words a character says, and inverted commas (also called speech marks) hug those words like a speech bubble in a comic: "Hello," said Sam. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = english # lesson = 035-direct-speech-inverted-commas-and-new-speakers.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Direct direct ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 2 amod _ _ 2 speech speech NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 nsubj _ _ 3 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 cop _ _ 4 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 6 det _ _ 5 exact exact ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 6 amod _ _ 6 words word NOUN NNS Number=Plur 0 root _ _ 7 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 8 det _ _ 8 character character NOUN NN Number=Sing 9 nsubj _ _ 9 says say VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 acl:relcl _ _ 10 , , PUNCT , _ 20 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=13:punct 11 and and CCONJ CC _ 20 cc _ _ 12 inverted invert VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 13 amod _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=13:amod|HaikuPos=ADJ:JJ:Degree=Pos 13 commas comma NOUN NNS Number=Plur 20 nsubj _ _ 14 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 16 punct _ _ 15 also also ADV RB _ 16 advmod _ _ 16 called call VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 13 acl _ _ 17 speech speech NOUN NN Number=Sing 18 compound _ _ 18 marks mark NOUN NNS Number=Plur 16 xcomp _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=16:obj 19 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 16 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=13:punct 20 hug hug VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 conj _ _ 21 those that DET DT Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 22 det _ _ 22 words word NOUN NNS Number=Plur 20 obj _ _ 23 like like ADP IN _ 26 case _ _ 24 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 26 det _ _ 25 speech speech NOUN NN Number=Sing 26 compound _ _ 26 bubble bubble NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 obl _ _ 27 in in ADP IN _ 29 case _ _ 28 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 29 det _ _ 29 comic comic NOUN NN Number=Sing 26 nmod _ _ 30 : : PUNCT : _ 20 punct _ _ 31 " " PUNCT `` _ 35 punct _ _ 32 Hello hello INTJ UH _ 35 discourse _ _ 33 , , PUNCT , _ 32 punct _ _ 34 " " PUNCT '' _ 32 punct _ _ 35 said say VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 20 parataxis _ _ 36 Sam Sam PROPN NNP Number=Sing 35 nsubj _ _ 37 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: changed form=decl, voice=narrator | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is a** | present | Direct speech | the exact words | | | | | tree rules | | 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | a character | the exact words *not said here* | | | | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent word=Topic | | 3 | **invert** | participle | | | | | | | vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent | | 4 | **call** | participle | inverted commas *not said here* | speech marks | | | | | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 5 | **hug** | present | inverted commas | that words | | | | like a speech bubble in a comic | vn marry-36.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Co-Agent | | 6 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Sam | | | | | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:english:035-direct-speech-inverted-commas-and-new-speakers.lesson:0`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Apostrophes: missing letters and belon…, 17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/34-apostrophes-missing-letters-and-belonging/17/) - next →: [Direct speech: inverted commas and new…, 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/35-direct-speech-inverted-commas-and-new-speakers/1/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/35-direct-speech-inverted-commas-and-new-speakers/)