--- title: Switching between home talk and Standard English depending on who yo… — Standard English and dialect: "we was" in talk,… · tree and pragmatics description: Switching between home talk and Standard English depending on who you are with is called code-switching, and most people do it every day without noticing: one voice for mates, another for the head teacher. Who acts: most people. A sentence of the lesson «Standard English and dialect: "we was" in tal --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/38-standard-english-and-dialect-we-was-and-we-were/4/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/) / [Standard English and dialect: "we was"…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/38-standard-english-and-dialect-we-was-and-we-were/) / 4 # Standard English and dialect: "we was" in talk, "we were" in writing, sentence 4 Switching between home talk and Standard English depending on who you are with is called code-switching, and most people do it every day without noticing: one voice for mates, another for the head teacher. **Who acts:** most people · **What happens:** switch, depend, call, do, notice · **To what, where:** code switching, switching, one voice · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Standard English and dialect: "we was" in talk, "we were" in writing» of the english course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (most people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:english:038-standard-english-and-dialect-we-was-and-we-were.lesson:4 # text = Switching between home talk and Standard English depending on who you are with is called code-switching, and most people do it every day without noticing: one voice for mates, another for the head teacher. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = english # lesson = 038-standard-english-and-dialect-we-was-and-we-were.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2 1 Switching switch VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 15 nsubj:pass _ _ 2 between between ADP IN _ 4 case _ _ 3 home home NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 compound _ _ 4 talk talk NOUN NN Number=Sing 1 obl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=1:nmod 5 and and CCONJ CC _ 7 cc _ _ 6 Standard standard ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 7 amod _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=7:compound|HaikuPos=PROPN:NNP:Number=Sing 7 English English PROPN NNP Number=Sing 4 conj _ _ 8 depending depend VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 1 acl _ _ 9 on on ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 10 who who PRON WP PronType=Rel 13 obl _ _ 11 you you PRON PRP Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs 13 nsubj _ _ 12 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 13 cop _ _ 13 with with ADP IN _ 8 obl _ _ 14 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 15 aux:pass _ _ 15 called call VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 16 code code NOUN NN Number=Sing 18 compound _ _ 17 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 16 punct _ _ 18 switching switching NOUN NN Number=Sing 15 xcomp _ _ 19 , , PUNCT , _ 23 punct _ _ 20 and and CCONJ CC _ 23 cc _ _ 21 most most ADJ JJS Degree=Sup 22 amod _ _ 22 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 23 nsubj _ _ 23 do do VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 15 conj _ _ 24 it it PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 23 obj _ _ 25 every every DET DT PronType=Tot 26 det _ _ 26 day day NOUN NN Number=Sing 23 obl:unmarked _ _ 27 without without SCONJ IN _ 28 mark _ _ 28 noticing notice VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 23 advcl _ _ 29 : : PUNCT : _ 31 punct _ _ 30 one one NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 31 nummod _ _ 31 voice voice NOUN NN Number=Sing 28 obl _ _ 32 for for ADP IN _ 33 case _ _ 33 mates mate NOUN NNS Number=Plur 31 nmod _ _ 34 , , PUNCT , _ 35 punct _ _ 35 another another DET DT PronType=Ind 15 conj _ _ 36 for for ADP IN _ 39 case _ _ 37 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 39 det _ _ 38 head head NOUN NN Number=Sing 39 compound _ _ 39 teacher teacher NOUN NN Number=Sing 35 obl _ _ 40 . . PUNCT . _ 15 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **switch** | gerund | | | | | | between home talk and Standard English | vn convert-26.6.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient | | 2 | **depend** | gerund | | | | | | | vn rely-70 «NP V PP.theme S\_ING»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **call** | present · passive | | code switching | | | | | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient | | 4 | **do** | present | most people | switching | | | day | | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Eventuality | | 5 | **notice** | gerund | most people *not said here* | one voice for mates | | | | | vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:english:038-standard-english-and-dialect-we-was-and-we-were.lesson:4`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Standard English and dialect: "we was"…, 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/38-standard-english-and-dialect-we-was-and-we-were/3/) - next →: [Standard English and dialect: "we was"…, 5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/38-standard-english-and-dialect-we-was-and-we-were/5/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/38-standard-english-and-dialect-we-was-and-we-were/)