---
title: Visual aids such as slides, pictures or objects help the audience fo… — Spoken language: presenting and show-and-tell · tree and pragmatics
description: Visual aids such as slides, pictures or objects help the audience follow, but you should not read the slides out word for word. Who acts: Visual aids, audience, you. A sentence of the lesson «Spoken language: presenting and show-and-tell» of the english course of Mova's primary school with its depen
---

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# Spoken language: presenting and show-and-tell, sentence 11

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Visual aids such as slides, pictures or objects help the audience follow, but you should not read the slides out word for word.

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**Who acts:** Visual aids, audience, you · **What happens:** help, follow, not read out · **To what, where:** slides

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Spoken language: presenting and show-and-tell» of the english course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Visual aids, audience, you), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:english:048-spoken-language-presenting-and-show-and-tell.lesson:11
# text = Visual aids such as slides, pictures or objects help the audience follow, but you should not read the slides out word for word.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = english
# lesson = 048-spoken-language-presenting-and-show-and-tell.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R3-conj-first ×1
1	Visual	visual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	aids	aid	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
3	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	5	case	_	_
4	as	as	ADP	IN	_	3	fixed	_	_
5	slides	slide	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	Agree=R2-punct-next|Haiku=5:punct
7	pictures	picture	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	objects	object	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	Agree=R3-conj-first|Haiku=7:conj
10	help	help	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	audience	audience	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
13	follow	follow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	xcomp	_	_
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
15	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
16	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj	_	_
17	should	should	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	19	aux	_	_
18	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	19	advmod	_	_
19	read	read	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	conj	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	slides	slide	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obj	_	_
22	out	out	ADP	RP	_	19	compound:prt	_	_
23	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
24	for	for	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	_
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: suggest
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | Visual aids such slides and pictures or objects |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **follow** | infinitive | the audience |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **not** **read out** | should | you | the slides |  |  |  | word for word *obl* | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent slide=Topic |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:english:048-spoken-language-presenting-and-show-and-tell.lesson:11`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R3-conj-first ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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- ← previous: [Spoken language: presenting and show-a…, 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/48-spoken-language-presenting-and-show-and-tell/10/)
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