--- title: In Lumi, -sa makes a plural, -i means "my" and -ou means "your", add… — Olympiad: Breakthrough puzzles in made-up langua… · tree and pragmatics description: In Lumi, -sa makes a plural, -i means "my" and -ou means "your", added in that order: tak (cat), taki (my cat), takou (your cat), taksa (cats), taksai (my cats). Who acts: sa, i. A sentence of the lesson «Olympiad: Breakthrough puzzles in made-up languages» of the english course of Mova's primary sc --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/58-olympiad-breakthrough-puzzles-in-made-up-languages/11/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/) / [Olympiad: Breakthrough puzzles in made…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/58-olympiad-breakthrough-puzzles-in-made-up-languages/) / 11 # Olympiad: Breakthrough puzzles in made-up languages, sentence 11 In Lumi, -sa makes a plural, -i means "my" and -ou means "your", added in that order: tak (cat), taki (my cat), takou (your cat), taksa (cats), taksai (my cats). **Who acts:** sa, i · **What happens:** make, mean, add · **To what, where:** plural, Lumi, my, order This is a sentence of the lesson «Olympiad: Breakthrough puzzles in made-up languages» of the english course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (sa, i), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:english:058-olympiad-breakthrough-puzzles-in-made-up-languages.lesson:11 # text = In Lumi, -sa makes a plural, -i means "my" and -ou means "your", added in that order: tak (cat), taki (my cat), takou (your cat), taksa (cats), taksai (my cats). # source = school lesson (ours) # course = english # lesson = 058-olympiad-breakthrough-puzzles-in-made-up-languages.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×6, R6-punct-agree ×4, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 In in ADP IN _ 2 case _ _ 2 Lumi Lumi PROPN NNP Number=Sing 6 obl _ _ 3 , , PUNCT , _ 2 punct _ _ 4 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 5 punct _ _ 5 sa SA PROPN NNP Number=Sing 6 nsubj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=6:nsubj|HaikuPos=NOUN:FW:Abbr=Yes|Number=Plur 6 makes make VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 7 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 8 det _ _ 8 plural plural NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 obj _ _ 9 , , PUNCT , _ 6 punct _ _ 10 - - PUNCT : _ 12 punct _ _ 11 i I PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 12 nsubj _ _ 12 means mean VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 parataxis _ _ 13 " " PUNCT `` _ 14 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=19:punct 14 my my PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 19 obj _ _ 15 " " PUNCT '' _ 14 punct _ _ 16 and and CCONJ CC _ 19 cc _ _ 17 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 16 punct _ _ 18 ou ou X FW Foreign=Yes 19 discourse _ _ 19 means mean VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 12 parataxis _ _ 20 " " PUNCT `` _ 21 punct _ _ 21 your your PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 19 obj _ _ 22 " " PUNCT '' _ 21 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=19:punct 23 , , PUNCT , _ 24 punct _ _ 24 added add VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 6 conj _ _ 25 in in ADP IN _ 27 case _ _ 26 that that DET DT Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 27 det _ _ 27 order order NOUN NN Number=Sing 24 obl _ _ 28 : : PUNCT : _ 29 punct _ _ 29 tak tak NOUN NN Number=Sing 24 parataxis _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=6:conj|HaikuPos=VERB:VB:VerbForm=Inf 30 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 31 punct _ _ 31 cat cat NOUN NN Number=Sing 29 obj _ _ 32 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 31 punct _ _ 33 , , PUNCT , _ 34 punct _ _ 34 taki taki NOUN NN Number=Sing 29 conj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=29:obl 35 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 37 punct _ _ 36 my my PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 37 nmod:poss _ _ 37 cat cat NOUN NN Number=Sing 34 appos _ _ 38 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 37 punct _ _ 39 , , PUNCT , _ 40 punct _ _ 40 takou takou NOUN NN Number=Sing 29 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=6:obj|HaikuPos=NOUN:FW:Abbr=Yes|Number=Plur 41 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 43 punct _ _ 42 your your PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 43 nmod:poss _ _ 43 cat cat NOUN NN Number=Sing 40 appos _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=6:obj 44 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 43 punct _ _ 45 , , PUNCT , _ 46 punct _ _ 46 taksa taksa NOUN NN Number=Sing 29 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=6:obj|HaikuPos=NOUN:FW:Abbr=Yes|Number=Plur 47 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 48 punct _ _ 48 cats cat NOUN NNS Number=Plur 6 obl _ _ 49 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 48 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=6:punct 50 , , PUNCT , _ 51 punct _ _ 51 taksai taksai NOUN NN Number=Sing 29 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=6:obj|HaikuPos=NOUN:FW:Abbr=Yes|Number=Plur 52 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 54 punct _ _ 53 my my PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 54 nmod:poss _ _ 54 cats cat NOUN NNS Number=Plur 51 appos _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=6:obl 55 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 54 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=6:punct 56 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: changed voice=narrator | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **make** | present | sa | a plural | | Lumi | | cats *obl* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent plural=Product | | 2 | **mean** | present | i | | | | | | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **mean** | present | | my | | | | | tree rules | | 4 | **add** *speech: assert* | participle | sa *not said here* | | | that order | | | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:english:058-olympiad-breakthrough-puzzles-in-made-up-languages.lesson:11`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×6, R6-punct-agree ×4, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Olympiad: Breakthrough puzzles in made…, 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/58-olympiad-breakthrough-puzzles-in-made-up-languages/10/) - next →: [Olympiad: Breakthrough puzzles in made…, 12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/58-olympiad-breakthrough-puzzles-in-made-up-languages/12/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/58-olympiad-breakthrough-puzzles-in-made-up-languages/)