--- title: In Nam, ka- at the front means it happened in the past, and -ti at t… — Olympiad: Breakthrough puzzles in made-up langua… · tree and pragmatics description: In Nam, ka- at the front means it happened in the past, and -ti at the end means "you": nalu = I swim, ka-nalu = I swam, nalu-ti = you swim, ka-nalu-ti = you swam. Who acts: ka, it, ti, I. A sentence of the lesson «Olympiad: Breakthrough puzzles in made-up languages» of the english course of Mova's --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/58-olympiad-breakthrough-puzzles-in-made-up-languages/9/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/) / [Olympiad: Breakthrough puzzles in made…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/58-olympiad-breakthrough-puzzles-in-made-up-languages/) / 9 # Olympiad: Breakthrough puzzles in made-up languages, sentence 9 In Nam, ka- at the front means it happened in the past, and -ti at the end means "you": nalu = I swim, ka-nalu = I swam, nalu-ti = you swim, ka-nalu-ti = you swam. **Who acts:** ka, it, ti, I, you · **What happens:** mean, happen, swim · **To what, where:** nalu, Nam, past, you, ka · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Olympiad: Breakthrough puzzles in made-up languages» of the english course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (ka, it, ti, I), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:english:058-olympiad-breakthrough-puzzles-in-made-up-languages.lesson:9 # text = In Nam, ka- at the front means it happened in the past, and -ti at the end means "you": nalu = I swim, ka-nalu = I swam, nalu-ti = you swim, ka-nalu-ti = you swam. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = english # lesson = 058-olympiad-breakthrough-puzzles-in-made-up-languages.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 In in ADP IN _ 2 case _ _ 2 Nam Nam PROPN NNP Number=Sing 9 obl _ _ 3 , , PUNCT , _ 2 punct _ _ 4 ka ka X FW Foreign=Yes 9 nsubj _ _ 5 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 9 punct _ _ 6 at at ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 7 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 8 det _ _ 8 front front NOUN NN Number=Sing 9 obl _ _ 9 means mean VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 10 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 11 nsubj _ _ 11 happened happen VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 9 ccomp _ _ 12 in in ADP IN _ 14 case _ _ 13 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 14 det _ _ 14 past past NOUN NN Number=Sing 11 obl _ _ 15 , , PUNCT , _ 22 punct _ _ 16 and and CCONJ CC _ 22 cc _ _ 17 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 16 punct _ _ 18 ti it X FW Foreign=Yes 22 nsubj _ _ 19 at at ADP IN _ 21 case _ _ 20 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 21 det _ _ 21 end end NOUN NN Number=Sing 18 obl _ _ 22 means mean VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 9 conj _ _ 23 " " PUNCT `` _ 24 punct _ _ 24 you you PRON PRP Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs 22 obj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=22:ccomp 25 " " PUNCT '' _ 24 punct _ _ 26 : : PUNCT : _ 27 punct _ _ 27 nalu nalu X FW Foreign=Yes 9 obj _ _ 28 = = SYM SYM _ 30 punct _ _ 29 I I PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 30 nsubj _ _ 30 swim swim VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 9 conj _ _ 31 , , PUNCT , _ 30 punct _ _ 32 ka ka X FW Foreign=Yes 30 dep _ _ 33 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 34 punct _ _ 34 nalu nalu X FW Foreign=Yes 9 obj _ _ 35 = = PUNCT , _ 37 punct _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=37:punct|HaikuPos=SYM:SYM:_ 36 I I PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 37 nsubj _ _ 37 swam swim VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 9 conj _ _ 38 , , PUNCT , _ 39 punct _ _ 39 nalu nalu X FW Foreign=Yes 37 conj _ _ 40 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 41 punct _ _ 41 ti ti X FW Foreign=Yes 37 conj _ _ 42 = = PUNCT , _ 44 punct _ _ 43 you you PRON PRP Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs 44 nsubj _ _ 44 swim swim VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 9 conj _ _ 45 , , PUNCT , _ 44 punct _ _ 46 ka ka X FW Foreign=Yes 44 obj _ _ 47 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 46 punct _ _ 48 nalu nalu X FW Foreign=Yes 46 flat _ _ 49 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 50 punct _ _ 50 ti ti X FW Foreign=Yes 44 dep _ _ 51 = = PUNCT , _ 53 punct _ _ 52 you you PRON PRP Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs 53 nsubj _ _ 53 swam swim VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 9 conj _ _ 54 . . PUNCT . _ 9 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **mean** | present | ka | nalu | | Nam | | at the front | tree rules | | 2 | **happen** | past | it | | | the past | | | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme in past=Location | | 3 | **mean** | present | ti | you | | | | | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent you=Topic | | 4 | **swim** | present | I | | | | | | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 5 | **swim** | past | I | | | | | | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 6 | **swim** | present | you | ka | | | | | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme ka=Trajectory | | 7 | **swim** | past | you | | | | | | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:english:058-olympiad-breakthrough-puzzles-in-made-up-languages.lesson:9`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Olympiad: Breakthrough puzzles in made…, 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/58-olympiad-breakthrough-puzzles-in-made-up-languages/8/) - next →: [Olympiad: Breakthrough puzzles in made…, 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/58-olympiad-breakthrough-puzzles-in-made-up-languages/10/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/58-olympiad-breakthrough-puzzles-in-made-up-languages/)