--- title: In Esperanto, mal- makes the opposite (granda big, malgranda small;… — Olympiad: real languages and codes · tree and pragmatics description: In Esperanto, mal- makes the opposite (granda big, malgranda small; varma warm, malvarma cold), and -j makes plurals, on describing words too: bela kato, belaj katoj (beautiful cats). Who acts: mal, j. A sentence of the lesson «Olympiad: real languages and codes» of the english course of Mova's prim --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/59-olympiad-real-languages-and-codes/11/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/) / [Olympiad: real languages and codes](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/59-olympiad-real-languages-and-codes/) / 11 # Olympiad: real languages and codes, sentence 11 In Esperanto, mal- makes the opposite (granda big, malgranda small; varma warm, malvarma cold), and -j makes plurals, on describing words too: bela kato, belaj katoj (beautiful cats). **Who acts:** mal, j · **What happens:** make, describe · **To what, where:** opposite, Esperanto, plurals, words This is a sentence of the lesson «Olympiad: real languages and codes» of the english course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (mal, j), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:english:059-olympiad-real-languages-and-codes.lesson:11 # text = In Esperanto, mal- makes the opposite (granda big, malgranda small; varma warm, malvarma cold), and -j makes plurals, on describing words too: bela kato, belaj katoj (beautiful cats). # source = school lesson (ours) # course = english # lesson = 059-olympiad-real-languages-and-codes.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1 1 In in ADP IN _ 2 case _ _ 2 Esperanto Esperanto PROPN NNP Number=Sing 6 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=4:obl 3 , , PUNCT , _ 2 punct _ _ 4 mal mal NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 nsubj _ _ 5 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 4 punct _ _ 6 makes make VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 7 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 8 det _ _ 8 opposite opposite ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 6 obj _ _ 9 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 10 punct _ _ 10 granda granda NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 xcomp _ _ 11 big big ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 10 amod _ _ 12 , , PUNCT , _ 13 punct _ _ 13 malgranda malgranda NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 conj _ _ 14 small small ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 13 amod _ _ 15 ; ; PUNCT , _ 17 punct _ _ 16 varma varma X FW Foreign=Yes 17 nsubj _ _ 17 warm warm ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 10 conj _ _ 18 , , PUNCT , _ 19 punct _ _ 19 malvarma malvarma NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 conj _ _ 20 cold cold ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 6 xcomp _ _ 21 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 6 punct _ _ 22 , , PUNCT , _ 26 punct _ _ 23 and and CCONJ CC _ 26 cc _ _ 24 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 25 punct _ _ 25 j J NOUN NN Number=Sing 26 nsubj _ _ 26 makes make VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 conj _ _ 27 plurals plural NOUN NNS Number=Plur 26 obj _ _ 28 , , PUNCT , _ 30 punct _ _ 29 on on SCONJ IN _ 30 mark _ _ 30 describing describe VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 26 advcl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=26:ccomp 31 words word NOUN NNS Number=Plur 30 obj _ _ 32 too too ADV RB _ 30 advmod _ _ 33 : : PUNCT : _ 30 punct _ _ 34 bela bela NOUN FW Abbr=Yes|Number=Plur 30 obj _ _ 35 kato kato X FW Foreign=Yes 34 flat _ _ 36 , , PUNCT , _ 37 punct _ _ 37 belaj belaj X FW Foreign=Yes 30 parataxis _ _ 38 katoj katoj X FW Foreign=Yes 30 parataxis _ _ 39 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 41 punct _ _ 40 beautiful beautiful ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 41 amod _ _ 41 cats cat NOUN NNS Number=Plur 26 obl _ _ 42 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 41 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=26:punct 43 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **make** | present | mal | the opposite | | Esperanto | | cold *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset opposite=Product | | 2 | **make** | present | j | plurals | | | | beautiful cats *obl* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset plural=Product | | 3 | **describe** | gerund | j *not said here* | words | | | | | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:english:059-olympiad-real-languages-and-codes.lesson:11`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Olympiad: real languages and codes, 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/59-olympiad-real-languages-and-codes/10/) - next →: [Olympiad: real languages and codes, 12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/59-olympiad-real-languages-and-codes/12/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/59-olympiad-real-languages-and-codes/)