---
title: Picture Ffion in Cardiff saying "cath" for cat but "fy nghath" for "… — Olympiad: real languages and codes · tree and pragmatics
description: Picture Ffion in Cardiff saying "cath" for cat but "fy nghath" for "my cat": Welsh changes the first sound of some words after certain little words, a change called a mutation, and checking a rule against EVERY example is how you avoid a wrong guess. Who acts: you, Ffion, Welsh, change. A sentence o
---

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# Olympiad: real languages and codes, sentence 4

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Picture Ffion in Cardiff saying "cath" for cat but "fy nghath" for "my cat": Welsh changes the first sound of some words after certain little words, a change called a mutation, and checking a rule against EVERY example is how you avoid a wrong guess.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, Ffion, Welsh, change · **What happens:** picture, saying, fy, change, call, check · **To what, where:** Ffion, cath, nghath, first sound, mutation, rule · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of the lesson «Olympiad: real languages and codes» of the english course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (you, Ffion, Welsh, change), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:english:059-olympiad-real-languages-and-codes.lesson:4
# text = Picture Ffion in Cardiff saying "cath" for cat but "fy nghath" for "my cat": Welsh changes the first sound of some words after certain little words, a change called a mutation, and checking a rule against EVERY example is how you avoid a wrong guess.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = english
# lesson = 059-olympiad-real-languages-and-codes.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1
1	Picture	picture	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	Ffion	Ffion	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	Cardiff	cardiff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
5	saying	saying	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	acl	_	_
6	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	_
7	cath	cath	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	_
9	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	cat	cat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
11	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	_
13	fy	fy	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	1	conj	_	_
14	nghath	nghath	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
15	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	_
16	for	for	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
17	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	19	punct	_	_
18	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
19	cat	cat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
20	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	19	punct	_	_
21	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	23	punct	_	_
22	Welsh	welsh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	23	nsubj	_	_
23	changes	change	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	parataxis	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
25	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	26	amod	_	_
26	sound	sound	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obj	_	_
27	of	of	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
28	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	29	det	_	_
29	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	nmod	_	_
30	after	after	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
31	certain	certain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	_
32	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	_
33	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	29	nmod	_	_
34	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	36	punct	_	_
35	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
36	change	change	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	_
37	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	36	acl	_	_
38	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	39	det	_	_
39	mutation	mutation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	xcomp	_	_
40	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	42	punct	_	_
41	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	42	cc	_	_
42	checking	check	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	conj	_	_
43	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	44	det	_	_
44	rule	rule	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	42	obj	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=51:nsubj:outer
45	against	against	ADP	IN	_	47	case	_	_
46	EVERY	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	47	det	_	_
47	example	example	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	44	nmod	_	_
48	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	51	cop	_	_
49	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	51	advmod	_	_
50	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	51	nsubj	_	_
51	avoid	avoid	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	42	advcl	_	_
52	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	54	det	_	_
53	wrong	wrong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	54	amod	_	_
54	guess	guess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	51	obj	_	_
55	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **picture** | imperative | you *not said here* | Ffion |  |  |  | for cat; Cardiff *obl* | vn characterize-29.2 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent ffion=Theme |
| 2 | **saying** | gerund | Ffion *not said here* | cath |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **fy** *in a quote* | infinitive | you *not said here* | nghath |  |  |  | for my cat | tree rules |
| 4 | **change** | present | Welsh | the first sound of some words after certain little words |  |  |  | a change *nmod* | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sound=Patient |
| 5 | **call** *speech: assert* | participle | a change *not said here* | a mutation |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 6 | **check** | gerund | you *not said here* | a rule |  |  |  | against every example | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rule=Theme |
| 7 | **is** | present | you |  |  |  |  | avoid *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:english:059-olympiad-real-languages-and-codes.lesson:4`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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