--- title: Some words ending in o add -es (potatoes, tomatoes, heroes, echoes),… — Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves and odd ones · tree and pragmatics description: Some words ending in o add -es (potatoes, tomatoes, heroes, echoes), others just -s (pianos, photos, zoos); a silly sentence helps: «The heroes ate potatoes and tomatoes in the echo.» Who acts: words, silly sentence, heroes. A sentence of the lesson «Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves and odd one --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/6-spelling-plurals/10/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/) / [Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/6-spelling-plurals/) / 10 # Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves and odd ones, sentence 10 Some words ending in o add -es (potatoes, tomatoes, heroes, echoes), others just -s (pianos, photos, zoos); a silly sentence helps: «The heroes ate potatoes and tomatoes in the echo.» **Who acts:** words, silly sentence, heroes · **What happens:** end, add, help, eat · **To what, where:** o, es, potatoes, echo · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves and odd ones» of the english course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (words, silly sentence, heroes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:english:006-spelling-plurals.lesson:10 # text = Some words ending in o add -es (potatoes, tomatoes, heroes, echoes), others just -s (pianos, photos, zoos); a silly sentence helps: «The heroes ate potatoes and tomatoes in the echo.» # source = school lesson (ours) # course = english # lesson = 006-spelling-plurals.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2 1 Some some DET DT PronType=Ind 2 det _ _ 2 words word NOUN NNS Number=Plur 6 nsubj _ _ 3 ending end VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 2 acl _ _ 4 in in ADP IN _ 5 case _ _ 5 o o NOUN NN _ 3 obl _ _ 6 add add VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 0 root _ _ 7 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 8 punct _ _ 8 es e NOUN NNS Number=Plur 6 obj _ _ 9 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 10 punct _ _ 10 potatoes potato NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 conj _ _ 11 , , PUNCT , _ 12 punct _ _ 12 tomatoes tomato NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 conj _ _ 13 , , PUNCT , _ 14 punct _ _ 14 heroes hero NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 conj _ _ 15 , , PUNCT , _ 16 punct _ _ 16 echoes echo NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 conj _ _ 17 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 16 punct _ _ 18 , , PUNCT , _ 19 punct _ _ 19 others other NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 nmod _ _ 20 just just ADV RB _ 21 advmod _ _ 21 -s -s SYM SYM ExtPos=ADP 6 obj _ _ 22 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 23 punct _ _ 23 pianos piano NOUN NNS Number=Plur 21 flat _ _ 24 , , PUNCT , _ 25 punct _ _ 25 photos photo NOUN NNS Number=Plur 23 conj _ _ 26 , , PUNCT , _ 27 punct _ _ 27 zoos zoo NOUN NNS Number=Plur 23 conj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=23:appos 28 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 23 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=27:punct 29 ; ; PUNCT , _ 33 punct _ _ 30 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 32 det _ _ 31 silly silly ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 32 amod _ _ 32 sentence sentence NOUN NN Number=Sing 33 nsubj _ _ 33 helps help VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 conj _ _ 34 : : PUNCT : _ 38 punct _ _ 35 « « PUNCT `` _ 38 punct _ _ 36 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 37 det _ _ 37 heroes hero NOUN NNS Number=Plur 38 nsubj _ _ 38 ate eat VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 33 ccomp _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=33:parataxis 39 potatoes potato NOUN NNS Number=Plur 38 obj _ _ 40 and and CCONJ CC _ 41 cc _ _ 41 tomatoes tomato NOUN NNS Number=Plur 39 conj _ _ 42 in in ADP IN _ 44 case _ _ 43 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 44 det _ _ 44 echo echo NOUN NN Number=Sing 38 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=39:nmod 45 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct _ _ 46 » » PUNCT '' _ 38 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: changed polarity=none, act=assert | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **end** | gerund | some words *not said here* | | | o | | | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality | | 2 | **add** *speech: assert* | infinitive | some words | es others and potatoes and tomatoes and heroes and echoes | | | | | tree rules | | 3 | **help** | present | a silly sentence | | | | | | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme | | 4 | **eat** *in a quote* | past | the heroes | potatoes and tomatoes | | the echo | | | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent potato=Patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:english:006-spelling-plurals.lesson:10`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves…, 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/6-spelling-plurals/9/) - next →: [Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves…, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/6-spelling-plurals/11/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/6-spelling-plurals/)