--- title: Words borrowed from Latin may keep an old plural (cactus, cacti; fun… — Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves and odd ones · tree and pragmatics description: Words borrowed from Latin may keep an old plural (cactus, cacti; fungus, fungi), and often the English one is fine too (cactuses). Who acts: Words, English one. A sentence of the lesson «Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves and odd ones» of the english course of Mova's primary school with its depen --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/6-spelling-plurals/13/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/) / [Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/6-spelling-plurals/) / 13 # Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves and odd ones, sentence 13 Words borrowed from Latin may keep an old plural (cactus, cacti; fungus, fungi), and often the English one is fine too (cactuses). **Who acts:** Words, English one · **What happens:** borrow, keep, be · **To what, where:** Words, Latin, old plural This is a sentence of the lesson «Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves and odd ones» of the english course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Words, English one), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:english:006-spelling-plurals.lesson:13 # text = Words borrowed from Latin may keep an old plural (cactus, cacti; fungus, fungi), and often the English one is fine too (cactuses). # source = school lesson (ours) # course = english # lesson = 006-spelling-plurals.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1 1 Words word NOUN NNS Number=Plur 6 nsubj _ _ 2 borrowed borrow VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 1 acl _ _ 3 from from ADP IN _ 4 case _ _ 4 Latin Latin PROPN NNP Number=Sing 2 obl _ _ 5 may may AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 6 aux _ _ 6 keep keep VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 0 root _ _ 7 an a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 9 det _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=11:det 8 old old ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 9 amod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=11:amod 9 plural plural NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 obj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=11:amod|HaikuPos=ADJ:JJ:Degree=Pos 10 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 11 punct _ _ 11 cactus cactus NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 obj _ _ 12 , , PUNCT , _ 13 punct _ _ 13 cacti cactus NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 conj _ _ 14 ; ; PUNCT : _ 15 punct _ _ 15 fungus fungus NOUN NN Number=Sing 11 conj _ _ 16 , , PUNCT , _ 17 punct _ _ 17 fungi fungus NOUN NNS Number=Plur 15 appos _ _ 18 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 11 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=17:punct 19 , , PUNCT , _ 26 punct _ _ 20 and and CCONJ CC _ 26 cc _ _ 21 often often ADV RB _ 26 advmod _ _ 22 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 24 det _ _ 23 English English ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 24 amod _ _ 24 one one NOUN NN Number=Sing 26 nsubj _ _ 25 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 26 cop _ _ 26 fine fine ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 6 conj _ _ 27 too too ADV RB _ 26 advmod _ _ 28 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 29 punct _ _ 29 cactuses cactus NOUN NNS Number=Plur 26 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=26:appos 30 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 29 punct _ _ 31 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **borrow** | participle | | Words *not said here* | | Latin | | | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent from latin=Source | | 2 | **keep** | may | Words | a old plural | | | | | vn sustain-55.6-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent plural=Theme cactus=Attribute | | 3 | **is** | present | the English one | | | | | fine, often *property* | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:english:006-spelling-plurals.lesson:13`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves…, 12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/6-spelling-plurals/12/) - next →: [Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves…, 14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/6-spelling-plurals/14/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/6-spelling-plurals/)