---
title: Nouns ending in s, x, z, ch or sh add -es, which adds an extra beat:… — Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves and odd ones · tree and pragmatics
description: Nouns ending in s, x, z, ch or sh add -es, which adds an extra beat: foxes, boxes, churches, wishes. Who acts: Nouns, es. A sentence of the lesson «Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves and odd ones» of the english course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every 
---

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# Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves and odd ones, sentence 19

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Nouns ending in s, x, z, ch or sh add -es, which adds an extra beat: foxes, boxes, churches, wishes.

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**Who acts:** Nouns, es · **What happens:** end, add · **To what, where:** z, s, es, extra beat

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves and odd ones» of the english course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Nouns, es), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:english:006-spelling-plurals.lesson:19
# text = Nouns ending in s, x, z, ch or sh add -es, which adds an extra beat: foxes, boxes, churches, wishes.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = english
# lesson = 006-spelling-plurals.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change
1	Nouns	noun	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
2	ending	end	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	1	acl	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	s	s	NOUN	NN	_	2	obl	_	_
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	x	x	INTJ	UH	_	8	discourse	_	_
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	z	z	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	ch	ch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	sh	sh	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	conj	_	_
13	add	add	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
14	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	15	punct	_	_
15	es	e	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obj	_	_
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
17	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	18	nsubj	_	_
18	adds	add	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	acl:relcl	_	_
19	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	extra	extra	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	beat	beat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	_
22	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	23	punct	_	_
23	foxes	fox	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	appos	_	_
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
25	boxes	box	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	conj	_	_
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
27	churches	church	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	conj	_	_
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
29	wishes	wish	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	conj	_	_
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **end** | gerund | Nouns *not said here* | z and ch or sh |  | s |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
| 2 | **add** *speech: assert* | infinitive | Nouns | es |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent e=Patient |
| 3 | **add** *speech: assert* | present | es | a extra beat |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent beat=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:english:006-spelling-plurals.lesson:19`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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