---
title: Some words from Latin have old plurals (cactus/cacti, fungus/fungi);… — Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves and odd ones · tree and pragmatics
description: Some words from Latin have old plurals (cactus/cacti, fungus/fungi); the English plural is often accepted too. Who acts: words. A sentence of the lesson «Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves and odd ones» of the english course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of 
---

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# Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves and odd ones, sentence 25

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Some words from Latin have old plurals (cactus/cacti, fungus/fungi); the English plural is often accepted too.

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**Who acts:** words · **What happens:** have, accept · **To what, where:** old plurals, English plural

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves and odd ones» of the english course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (words), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:english:006-spelling-plurals.lesson:25
# text = Some words from Latin have old plurals (cactus/cacti, fungus/fungi); the English plural is often accepted too.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = english
# lesson = 006-spelling-plurals.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Latin	Latin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	plurals	plural	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
8	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	9	punct	_	_
9	cactus/cacti	cactus/cacti	X	AFX	_	7	conj	_	_
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	fungus/fungi	fungus/fungi	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=9:conj|HaikuPos=NOUN:FW:Abbr=Yes|Number=Plur
12	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	9	punct	_	_
13	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	English	English	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	plural	plural	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nsubj:pass	_	_
17	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux:pass	_	_
18	often	often	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
19	accepted	accept	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	parataxis	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=5:conj
20	too	too	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | some words from Latin | old plurals |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent plural=Patient |
| 2 | **accept** | present · passive |  | the English plural |  |  |  | often *property* | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:english:006-spelling-plurals.lesson:25`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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