--- title: Many words ending in -f or -fe turn into -ves: leaf, leaves; loaf, l… — Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves and odd ones · tree and pragmatics description: Many words ending in -f or -fe turn into -ves: leaf, leaves; loaf, loaves; knife, knives; wolf, wolves; half, halves. Who acts: Many words. A sentence of the lesson «Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves and odd ones» of the english course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pr --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/6-spelling-plurals/8/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/) / [Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/6-spelling-plurals/) / 8 # Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves and odd ones, sentence 8 Many words ending in -f or -fe turn into -ves: leaf, leaves; loaf, loaves; knife, knives; wolf, wolves; half, halves. **Who acts:** Many words · **What happens:** end, turn · **To what, where:** f, ves This is a sentence of the lesson «Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves and odd ones» of the english course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Many words), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:english:006-spelling-plurals.lesson:8 # text = Many words ending in -f or -fe turn into -ves: leaf, leaves; loaf, loaves; knife, knives; wolf, wolves; half, halves. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = english # lesson = 006-spelling-plurals.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2 1 Many many ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 2 amod _ _ 2 words word NOUN NNS Number=Plur 10 nsubj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=0:root 3 ending end VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 2 acl _ _ 4 in in ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 5 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 4 punct _ _ 6 f f NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 obl _ _ 7 or or CCONJ CC _ 9 cc _ _ 8 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 7 punct _ _ 9 fe fe NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 conj _ _ 10 turn turn VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=9:acl 11 into into ADP IN _ 13 case _ _ 12 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 11 punct _ _ 13 ves ve NOUN NNS Number=Plur 10 obl _ _ 14 : : PUNCT : _ 15 punct _ _ 15 leaf leaf NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 conj _ _ 16 , , PUNCT , _ 17 punct _ _ 17 leaves leaf NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 conj _ _ 18 ; ; PUNCT , _ 19 punct _ _ 19 loaf loaf NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 conj _ _ 20 , , PUNCT , _ 21 punct _ _ 21 loaves loaf NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 conj _ _ 22 ; ; PUNCT , _ 23 punct _ _ 23 knife knife NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 conj _ _ 24 , , PUNCT , _ 25 punct _ _ 25 knives knife NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 conj _ _ 26 ; ; PUNCT , _ 27 punct _ _ 27 wolf wolf NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 conj _ _ 28 , , PUNCT , _ 29 punct _ _ 29 wolves wolf NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 conj _ _ 30 ; ; PUNCT , _ 31 punct _ _ 31 half half NOUN NN Number=Sing|NumForm=Word|NumType=Frac 2 conj _ _ 32 , , PUNCT , _ 33 punct _ _ 33 halves half NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 conj _ _ 34 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **end** | gerund | Many words and leaf and leaves and loaf and loaves and knife and knives and wolf and wolves and half and halves *not said here* | | | f or fe | | | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality | | 2 | **turn** | participle | Many words and leaf and leaves and loaf and loaves and knife and knives and wolf and wolves and half and halves | | | ves | | | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme into ve=Trajectory | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:english:006-spelling-plurals.lesson:8`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves…, 7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/6-spelling-plurals/7/) - next →: [Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves…, 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/6-spelling-plurals/9/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/6-spelling-plurals/)