--- title: Adding -ed and -ing: doubling and dropping e — a lesson of Mova's school · trees and pragmatics description: «Adding -ed and -ing: doubling and dropping e», a lesson of the english course of Mova's primary school, sentence by sentence with dependency trees and pragmatics. It begins: Josh writes «I was hopping for a sunny day» and means wishing, not jumping on one leg. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/) / Adding -ed and -ing: doubling and drop… # Adding -ed and -ing: doubling and dropping e Lesson 7 of the english course of Mova's primary school: 24 sentences, each with its syntax tree and pragmatics. The lessons are written for Mova, and their agreed trees are part of Mova corpus 0.4 (CC BY-SA 4.0). How Mova does on its tests: [the lesson at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/). - [0](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/0/) — Josh writes «I was hopping for a sunny day» and means wishing, not jumping on one leg. - [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/1/) — One letter changes the word. - [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/2/) — «Hope» ends in a silent e, which drops before -ing: hoping. - [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/4/) — The double letter is a guard that keeps the vowel short. - [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/5/) — Two rules do most of the work. - [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/7/) — Double the last consonant of a short word with one short vowel and one final consonant (stop, stopped; run, running; sit, sitting). - [8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/8/) — Longer words double only when the beat (the stress) falls on the last part: be-GIN, beginning; for-GET, forgetting. - [9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/9/) — When the beat falls earlier there is no doubling: GAR-den, gardening; VIS-it, visited. - [10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/10/) — Say the word and listen for the loud part. - [11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/11/) — The past ending is always spelled -ed, even though it sounds like /t/ in «jumped», /d/ in «played» and /id/ in «wanted». - [12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/12/) — Consonant + y changes to i before -ed (cry, cried) but keeps the y before -ing (crying), because «criing» would put two i's together. - [13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/13/) — Words ending in c add a k to keep the hard sound: panic, panicking; picnic, picnicked. - [14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/14/) — Many very common verbs ignore -ed altogether: swim, swam; run, ran; go, went; catch, caught. - [16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/16/) — Spelling also differs by country: British «travelled», American «traveled»; both are right at home. - [18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/18/) — A silent e drops before an ending that starts with a vowel: make, making; hope, hoping. - [19](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/19/) — A silent e stays before an ending that starts with a consonant: hope, hopeful; move, movement. - [20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/20/) — In a short word with one short vowel and one final consonant, double the consonant before -ing or -ed: stop, stopped; hop, hopping. - [21](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/21/) — In longer words, double only if the stress falls on the last syllable: begin, beginning; but garden, gardening. - [22](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/22/) — The regular past ending is always spelled -ed, whether it sounds like /t/, /d/ or /id/. - [23](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/23/) — Consonant + y changes to i before -ed (cried, tried) but stays before -ing (crying, trying). - [24](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/24/) — Words ending in c add k before -ing and -ed, because a c before i or e says a soft /s/: panicking, picnicked. - [25](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/25/) — Irregular verbs do not add -ed: swim/swam, run/ran, go/went, catch/caught. - [28](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/28/) — A spelling rule works for most words; a few exceptions are learned on a short list. - [29](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/29/) — Slang in this lesson: «fixin' to» means «about to» in the US South; «boss» means great in Manchester and Liverpool; «me mam» is Northern English for «my mum». - ← previous: [Spelling plurals: -s, -es, -ies, -ves and odd ones](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/6-spelling-plurals/) - next →: [Endings that sound like «shun»: -tion, -sion, -ssion, -cian](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/8-endings-that-sound-like-shun/) - ↑ back to [English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/)