---
title: The regular past ending is always spelled -ed, whether it sounds lik… — Adding -ed and -ing: doubling and dropping e · tree and pragmatics
description: The regular past ending is always spelled -ed, whether it sounds like /t/, /d/ or /id/. Who acts: ending. A sentence of the lesson «Adding -ed and -ing: doubling and dropping e» of the english course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Adding -ed and -ing: doubling and dropping e, sentence 22

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The regular past ending is always spelled -ed, whether it sounds like /t/, /d/ or /id/.

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**Who acts:** ending · **What happens:** spell, sound · **To what, where:** regular past ending

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Adding -ed and -ing: doubling and dropping e» of the english course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (ending), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:english:007-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e.lesson:22
# text = The regular past ending is always spelled -ed, whether it sounds like /t/, /d/ or /id/.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = english
# lesson = 007-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	regular	regular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	past	past	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	ending	ending	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
6	always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	7	advmod	_	_
7	spelled	spell	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	9	punct	_	_
9	ed	ed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	whether	whether	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
13	sounds	sound	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	advcl	_	_
14	like	like	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	/	/	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
16	t	t	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
17	/	/	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
19	/	/	SYM	,	_	20	punct	_	_
20	d	d	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	_
21	/	/	SYM	,	_	20	punct	_	_
22	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
23	/	/	SYM	,	_	24	punct	_	_
24	id	id	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	_
25	/	/	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed act=assert

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spell** | present · passive |  | the regular past ending |  |  |  | ed *obl*; always *property* | vn pronounce-29.3.1 «NP V NP ADVP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **sound** | present | ending |  |  |  |  | like t and d or id | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:english:007-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e.lesson:22`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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- ← previous: [Adding -ed and -ing: doubling and drop…, 21](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/21/)
- next →: [Adding -ed and -ing: doubling and drop…, 23](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/23/)
- ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/)