---
title: A spelling rule works for most words; a few exceptions are learned o… — Adding -ed and -ing: doubling and dropping e · tree and pragmatics
description: A spelling rule works for most words; a few exceptions are learned on a short list. Who acts: spelling rule. A sentence of the lesson «Adding -ed and -ing: doubling and dropping e» of the english course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Adding -ed and -ing: doubling and dropping e, sentence 28

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A spelling rule works for most words; a few exceptions are learned on a short list.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** spelling rule · **What happens:** work, learn · **To what, where:** few exceptions, short list

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Adding -ed and -ing: doubling and dropping e» of the english course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (spelling rule), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:english:007-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e.lesson:28
# text = A spelling rule works for most words; a few exceptions are learned on a short list.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = english
# lesson = 007-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	spelling	spelling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	rule	rule	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	works	work	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	most	most	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	7	amod	_	_
7	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
8	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	few	few	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	exceptions	exception	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj:pass	_	_
12	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux:pass	_	_
13	learned	learn	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	parataxis	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=4:conj
14	on	on	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	list	list	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **work** | present | a spelling rule |  |  |  |  | for most words | vn employment-95.3 «NP V PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent for word=Beneficiary |
| 2 | **learn** | present · passive |  | a few exceptions |  | a short list |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:english:007-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e.lesson:28`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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- ← previous: [Adding -ed and -ing: doubling and drop…, 25](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/25/)
- next →: [Adding -ed and -ing: doubling and drop…, 29](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/29/)
- ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/)