---
title: Messages change each time they are passed on, so second-hand stories… — Rumours and gossip · tree and pragmatics
description: Messages change each time they are passed on, so second-hand stories are often wrong. Who acts: Messages, hand stories. A sentence of the lesson «Rumours and gossip» of the everyday course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Rumours and gossip, sentence 9

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Messages change each time they are passed on, so second-hand stories are often wrong.

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**Who acts:** Messages, hand stories · **What happens:** change, pass on, be · **To what, where:** people

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Rumours and gossip» of the everyday course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Messages, hand stories), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:everyday:202-rumours-and-gossip.lesson:9
# text = Messages change each time they are passed on, so second-hand stories are often wrong.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = everyday
# lesson = 202-rumours-and-gossip.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1
1	Messages	message	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	change	change	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	4	det	_	_
4	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl:unmarked	_	_
5	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	passed	pass	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl:relcl	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=7:compound:prt|HaikuPos=PART:RP:_
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
10	so	so	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=17:cc
11	second	second	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	10	fixed	_	_
12	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	11	punct	_	_
13	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	stories	story	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	nsubj	_	_
15	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	cop	_	_
16	often	often	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
17	wrong	wrong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	_
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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No stored speech act for this sentence.

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **change** | present | Messages |  |  |  | time |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **pass on** | present · passive |  | people |  |  |  |  | vn send-11.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 3 | **is** | present | hand stories |  |  |  |  | often, wrong *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:everyday:202-rumours-and-gossip.lesson:9`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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- ← previous: [Rumours and gossip, 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/everyday/202-rumours-and-gossip/8/)
- next →: [Rumours and gossip, 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/everyday/202-rumours-and-gossip/10/)
- ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/everyday/202-rumours-and-gossip/)