---
title: Noah in Melbourne took a toy from his cousin's house because his cou… — Borrowing without asking · tree and pragmatics
description: Noah in Melbourne took a toy from his cousin's house because his cousin had so many and he had few. Who acts: Noah, cousin. A sentence of the lesson «Borrowing without asking» of the everyday course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Borrowing without asking, sentence 0

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Noah in Melbourne took a toy from his cousin's house because his cousin had so many and he had few.

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**Who acts:** Noah, cousin · **What happens:** take, have · **To what, where:** toy, house, many, few

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Borrowing without asking» of the everyday course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Noah, cousin), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:everyday:339-borrowing-without-asking.lesson:0
# text = Noah in Melbourne took a toy from his cousin's house because his cousin had so many and he had few.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = everyday
# lesson = 339-borrowing-without-asking.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1
1	Noah	Noah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	Melbourne	Melbourne	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
4	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	toy	toy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
8	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	cousin	cousin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod:poss	_	_
10	's	's	PART	POS	_	9	case	_	_
11	house	house	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
12	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
13	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nmod:poss	_	_
14	cousin	cousin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
15	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	_
16	so	so	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
17	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	obj	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
19	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	nsubj	_	_
20	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	conj	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=4:conj
21	few	few	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	obj	_	_
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: narrate
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | past | Noah in Melbourne | a toy |  | Noah's cousin's house |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location»: agent=Agent toy=Theme from house=Initial\_Location |
| 2 | **have** | past | Noah's cousin | many |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent many=Patient |
| 3 | **have** | past | cousin | few |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent few=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:everyday:339-borrowing-without-asking.lesson:0`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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- ← previous: [Sweets, change and a friend's toy, 23](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/everyday/338-sweets-change-and-a-friends-toy/23/)
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