--- title: Colds and flu are caused by viruses, tiny germs that travel in the d… — Germs, sneezes and dressing for the weather · tree and pragmatics description: Colds and flu are caused by viruses, tiny germs that travel in the drops we sneeze and cough out and in our spit, and then sit on hands and on the things we touch. Who acts: viruses, tiny germs, we. A sentence of the lesson «Germs, sneezes and dressing for the weather» of the everyday course of Mova --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/everyday/79-germs-sneezes-and-dressing-for-the-weather/0/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Everyday](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/everyday/) / [Germs, sneezes and dressing for the we…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/everyday/79-germs-sneezes-and-dressing-for-the-weather/) / 0 # Germs, sneezes and dressing for the weather, sentence 0 Colds and flu are caused by viruses, tiny germs that travel in the drops we sneeze and cough out and in our spit, and then sit on hands and on the things we touch. **Who acts:** viruses, tiny germs, we · **What happens:** cause, travel, sneeze, cough out, sit, touch · **To what, where:** Colds, drops, hands, things This is a sentence of the lesson «Germs, sneezes and dressing for the weather» of the everyday course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (viruses, tiny germs, we), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:everyday:079-germs-sneezes-and-dressing-for-the-weather.lesson:0 # text = Colds and flu are caused by viruses, tiny germs that travel in the drops we sneeze and cough out and in our spit, and then sit on hands and on the things we touch. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = everyday # lesson = 079-germs-sneezes-and-dressing-for-the-weather.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×2 1 Colds cold NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 nsubj:pass _ _ 2 and and CCONJ CC _ 3 cc _ _ 3 flu flu NOUN NN Number=Sing 1 conj _ _ 4 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 aux:pass _ _ 5 caused cause VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 6 by by ADP IN _ 7 case _ _ 7 viruses virus NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 obl _ _ 8 , , PUNCT , _ 10 punct _ _ 9 tiny tiny ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 10 amod _ _ 10 germs germ NOUN NNS Number=Plur 7 appos _ _ 11 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 12 nsubj _ _ 12 travel travel VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 10 acl:relcl _ _ 13 in in ADP IN _ 15 case _ _ 14 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 15 det _ _ 15 drops drop NOUN NNS Number=Plur 12 obl _ _ 16 we we PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 17 nsubj _ _ 17 sneeze sneeze VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 15 acl:relcl _ _ 18 and and CCONJ CC _ 19 cc _ _ 19 cough cough VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 17 conj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=17:conj|HaikuPos=VERB:VB:VerbForm=Inf 20 out out ADP RP _ 19 compound:prt _ _ 21 and and CCONJ CC _ 24 cc _ _ 22 in in ADP IN _ 24 case _ _ 23 our our PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 24 nmod:poss _ _ 24 spit spit NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 obl _ _ 25 , , PUNCT , _ 28 punct _ _ 26 and and CCONJ CC _ 28 cc _ _ 27 then then ADV RB PronType=Dem 28 advmod _ _ 28 sit sit VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 conj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=5:conj|HaikuPos=VERB:VB:VerbForm=Inf 29 on on ADP IN _ 30 case _ _ 30 hands hand NOUN NNS Number=Plur 28 obl _ _ 31 and and CCONJ CC _ 34 cc _ _ 32 on on ADP IN _ 34 case _ _ 33 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 34 det _ _ 34 things thing NOUN NNS Number=Plur 30 conj _ _ 35 we we PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 36 nsubj _ _ 36 touch touch VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 34 acl:relcl _ _ 37 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **cause** | present · passive | viruses | Colds and flu | | | | | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition subject=Patient | | 2 | **travel** | present | tiny germs | | | the drops | | | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in drop=Trajectory | | 3 | **sneeze** | present | we | the drops *not said here* | | | | | tree rules | | 4 | **cough out** | present | we *not said here* | | | | | in our spit | vn nonverbal\_expression-40.2 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent in spit=Theme | | 5 | **sit** | present | viruses *not said here* | | | hands and the things | then | | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on hand=Location | | 6 | **touch** | present | we | the things *not said here* | | | | | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme thing=Co-Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:everyday:079-germs-sneezes-and-dressing-for-the-weather.lesson:0`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Eyes, nose and using the toilet, 22](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/everyday/78-eyes-nose-and-the-toilet/22/) - next →: [Germs, sneezes and dressing for the we…, 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/everyday/79-germs-sneezes-and-dressing-for-the-weather/1/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/everyday/79-germs-sneezes-and-dressing-for-the-weather/)