--- title: Être means "to be", and it is one of the busiest words in French: je… — Être: to be · tree and pragmatics description: Être means "to be", and it is one of the busiest words in French: je suis (I am), tu es (you are), il est and elle est (he is, she is), nous sommes (we are), vous êtes (you are), ils sont and elles sont (they are). Who acts: Être, it, you, il. A sentence of the lesson «Être: to be» of the french cou --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/28-etre-to-be/0/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [French](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/) / [Être: to be](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/28-etre-to-be/) / 0 # Être: to be, sentence 0 Être means "to be", and it is one of the busiest words in French: je suis (I am), tu es (you are), il est and elle est (he is, she is), nous sommes (we are), vous êtes (you are), ils sont and elles sont (they are). **Who acts:** Être, it, you, il, elle, French · **What happens:** mean, be, je, est · **To what, where:** one, suis, nous sommes · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Être: to be» of the french course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Être, it, you, il), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:french:028-etre-to-be.lesson:0 # text = Être means "to be", and it is one of the busiest words in French: je suis (I am), tu es (you are), il est and elle est (he is, she is), nous sommes (we are), vous êtes (you are), ils sont and elles sont (they are). # source = school lesson (ours) # course = french # lesson = 028-etre-to-be.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2 1 Être Être PROPN NNP Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ _ 2 means mean VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 " " PUNCT `` _ 5 punct _ _ 4 to to PART TO _ 5 mark _ _ 5 be be VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 2 xcomp _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=2:ccomp 6 " " PUNCT '' _ 5 punct _ _ 7 , , PUNCT , _ 11 punct _ _ 8 and and CCONJ CC _ 11 cc _ _ 9 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 11 nsubj _ _ 10 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 11 cop _ _ 11 one one NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 2 conj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=2:obj 12 of of ADP IN _ 15 case _ _ 13 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 15 det _ _ 14 busiest busy ADJ JJS Degree=Sup 15 amod _ _ 15 words word NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 nmod _ _ 16 in in ADP IN _ 17 case _ _ 17 French French PROPN NNP Number=Sing 15 nmod _ _ 18 : : PUNCT : _ 19 punct _ _ 19 je je VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 2 conj _ _ 20 suis suis NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 obj _ _ 21 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 23 punct _ _ 22 I I PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 23 nsubj _ _ 23 am be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 19 advcl _ _ 24 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 23 punct _ _ 25 , , PUNCT , _ 27 punct _ _ 26 tu tu ADP IN _ 27 case _ _ 27 es e NOUN NNS Number=Plur 19 obl _ _ 28 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 30 punct _ _ 29 you you PRON PRP Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs 30 nsubj _ _ 30 are be VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 ccomp _ _ 31 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 30 punct _ _ 32 , , PUNCT , _ 33 punct _ _ 33 il il PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 34 nsubj _ _ 34 est est VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 parataxis _ _ 35 and and CCONJ CC _ 37 cc _ _ 36 elle elle PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 37 nsubj _ _ 37 est est VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 34 conj _ _ 38 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 40 punct _ _ 39 he he PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 40 nsubj _ _ 40 is be VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 conj _ _ 41 , , PUNCT , _ 43 punct _ _ 42 she she PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 43 nsubj _ _ 43 is be VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 parataxis _ _ 44 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 43 punct _ _ 45 , , PUNCT , _ 47 punct _ _ 46 nous nous NOUN NN Number=Sing 47 compound _ _ 47 sommes somme NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 obj _ _ 48 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 50 punct _ _ 49 we we PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 50 nsubj _ _ 50 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 47 advcl:relcl _ _ 51 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 50 punct _ _ 52 , , PUNCT , _ 54 punct _ _ 53 vous vous ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 54 amod _ _ 54 êtes ête NOUN NNS Number=Plur 47 conj _ _ 55 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 57 punct _ _ 56 you you PRON PRP Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs 57 nsubj _ _ 57 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 54 advcl:relcl _ _ 58 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 57 punct _ _ 59 , , PUNCT , _ 60 punct _ _ 60 ils il NOUN NNS Number=Plur 47 conj _ _ 61 sont sont NOUN NN Number=Sing 64 compound _ _ 62 and and CCONJ CC _ 63 cc _ _ 63 elles elle NOUN NNS Number=Plur 61 conj _ _ 64 sont sont NOUN NN Number=Sing 60 nmod:unmarked _ _ 65 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 67 punct _ _ 66 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 67 nsubj _ _ 67 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 47 cop _ _ 68 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 67 punct _ _ 69 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **mean** | present | Être | | | | | | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 2 | **be** *not said to happen, in a quote* | to-infinitive | Être *not said here* | | | | | | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 3 | **is a** | present | it | one | | | | of the busiest words in French | tree rules | | 4 | **je** | infinitive | Être *not said here* | suis | | | | tu es | tree rules | | 5 | **does** | present | you | | | | | | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 6 | **est** | present | il | | | | | | tree rules | | 7 | **est** | present | elle | | | | | | tree rules | | 8 | **be** | present | Être *= être* | | | | | | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 9 | **be** | present | French | | | | | | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 10 | **is a** | present | | nous sommes and vous êtes and ils sont sont | | | | | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:french:028-etre-to-be.lesson:0`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Adjectives: after the noun, and agreeing, 16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/27-adjectives-after-the-noun-and-agreeing/16/) - next →: [Être: to be, 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/28-etre-to-be/2/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/28-etre-to-be/)