--- title: Il y a means "there is" or "there are", for one thing or for many: i… — Avoir: to have · tree and pragmatics description: Il y a means "there is" or "there are", for one thing or for many: il y a un chat, il y a trois chats. Who acts: Il, many. A sentence of the lesson «Avoir: to have» of the french course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/29-avoir-to-have/3/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [French](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/) / [Avoir: to have](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/29-avoir-to-have/) / 3 # Avoir: to have, sentence 3 Il y a means "there is" or "there are", for one thing or for many: il y a un chat, il y a trois chats. **Who acts:** Il, many · **What happens:** mean, be, y · **To what, where:** un chat, trois chats · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Avoir: to have» of the french course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Il, many), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:french:029-avoir-to-have.lesson:3 # text = Il y a means "there is" or "there are", for one thing or for many: il y a un chat, il y a trois chats. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = french # lesson = 029-avoir-to-have.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Il Il PROPN NNP Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ _ 2 y y X FW Foreign=Yes 1 flat:foreign _ _ 3 a a X FW Foreign=Yes 1 flat:foreign _ _ 4 means mean VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 5 " " PUNCT `` _ 7 punct _ _ 6 there there PRON EX PronType=Dem 7 expl _ _ 7 is be VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 ccomp _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=4:ccomp|HaikuPos=AUX:VBZ:Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 8 " " PUNCT '' _ 7 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=17:punct|HaikuPos=PUNCT:``:_ 9 or or CCONJ CC _ 17 cc _ _ 10 " " PUNCT `` _ 12 punct _ _ 11 there there PRON EX PronType=Dem 12 expl _ _ 12 are be VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 7 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=17:cop|HaikuPos=AUX:VBP:Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 13 " " PUNCT '' _ 12 punct _ _ 14 , , PUNCT , _ 17 punct _ _ 15 for for ADP IN _ 17 case _ _ 16 one one NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 17 nummod _ _ 17 thing thing NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 parataxis _ _ 18 or or CCONJ CC _ 29 cc _ _ 19 for for ADP IN _ 20 case _ _ 20 many many ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 29 nsubj _ _ 21 : : PUNCT : _ 23 punct _ _ 22 il IL PROPN NNP Number=Sing 23 nsubj _ _ 23 y y VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 20 parataxis _ _ 24 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 26 det _ _ 25 un un NOUN NN Number=Sing 26 compound _ _ 26 chat chat NOUN NN Number=Sing 23 obj _ _ 27 , , PUNCT , _ 20 punct _ _ 28 il IL PROPN NNP Number=Sing 29 nsubj _ _ 29 y y VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 17 conj _ _ 30 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 32 det _ _ 31 trois trois NOUN NN Number=Sing 32 compound _ _ 32 chats chat NOUN NNS Number=Plur 29 obj _ _ 33 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **mean** | present | Il | | | | | | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 2 | **be** *in a quote* | present | | | | there | | | tree rules | | 3 | **be** *in a quote* | present | | | | there | | | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 4 | **y** | past | il | a un chat | | | | | tree rules | | 5 | **y** | past | many | a trois chats | | | | | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:french:029-avoir-to-have.lesson:3`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Avoir: to have, 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/29-avoir-to-have/2/) - next →: [Avoir: to have, 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/29-avoir-to-have/4/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/29-avoir-to-have/)