---
title: Avoir (to have): j'ai, tu as, il a, elle a, on a, nous avons, vous a… — Avoir: to have · tree and pragmatics
description: Avoir (to have): j'ai, tu as, il a, elle a, on a, nous avons, vous avez, ils ont, elles ont; it must be learned by heart. Who acts: Avoir, heart. A sentence of the lesson «Avoir: to have» of the french course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Avoir: to have, sentence 5

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Avoir (to have): j'ai, tu as, il a, elle a, on a, nous avons, vous avez, ils ont, elles ont; it must be learned by heart.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Avoir, heart · **What happens:** have, learn · **To what, where:** à

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of the lesson «Avoir: to have» of the french course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Avoir, heart), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:french:029-avoir-to-have.lesson:5
# text = Avoir (to have): j'ai, tu as, il a, elle a, on a, nous avons, vous avez, ils ont, elles ont; it must be learned by heart.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = french
# lesson = 029-avoir-to-have.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1
1	Avoir	Avoir	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	4	punct	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	have	have	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	4	punct	_	_
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
7	j'ai	j'ai	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	9	dep	_	_
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	tu	tu	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	4	parataxis	_	_
10	as	as	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	12	case	_	_
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
12	il	IL	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	9	nmod	_	_
13	a	a	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	15	det	_	_
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	elle	elle	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	4	conj	_	_
16	a	a	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	22	det	_	_
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
18	on	on	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	22	case	_	_
19	a	a	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	22	det	_	_
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
21	nous	nous	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	22	compound	_	_
22	avons	avon	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	15	parataxis	_	_
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
24	vous	vous	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	25	amod	_	_
25	avez	avez	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	22	conj	_	_
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
27	ils	il	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	28	compound	_	_
28	ont	ont	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	25	obl	_	_
29	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
30	elles	elle	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	28	conj	_	_
31	ont	ont	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	28	conj	_	_
32	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	36	punct	_	_
33	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	36	nsubj:pass	_	_
34	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	36	aux	_	_
35	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	36	aux:pass	_	_
36	learned	learn	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	parataxis	_	_
37	by	by	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
38	heart	heart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	obl	_	_
39	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=4:punct
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: suggest
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | to-infinitive | Avoir |  |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **learn** | must · passive | heart | à |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Topic |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:french:029-avoir-to-have.lesson:5`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Avoir: to have, 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/29-avoir-to-have/4/)
- next →: [Avoir: to have, 6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/29-avoir-to-have/6/)
- ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/29-avoir-to-have/)