--- title: Chauffeur means any driver in French; it comes from chauffer, to hea… — English words that came from French · tree and pragmatics description: Chauffeur means any driver in French; it comes from chauffer, to heat, because the first drivers of steam engines kept the fire hot. Who acts: Chauffeur, first drivers. A sentence of the lesson «English words that came from French» of the french course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tr --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/36-english-words-that-came-from-french/16/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [French](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/) / [English words that came from French](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/36-english-words-that-came-from-french/) / 16 # English words that came from French, sentence 16 Chauffeur means any driver in French; it comes from chauffer, to heat, because the first drivers of steam engines kept the fire hot. **Who acts:** Chauffeur, first drivers · **What happens:** mean, come, heat, keep · **To what, where:** driver, chauffer, fire This is a sentence of the lesson «English words that came from French» of the french course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Chauffeur, first drivers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:french:036-english-words-that-came-from-french.lesson:16 # text = Chauffeur means any driver in French; it comes from chauffer, to heat, because the first drivers of steam engines kept the fire hot. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = french # lesson = 036-english-words-that-came-from-french.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Chauffeur chauffeur NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=2:nsubj|HaikuPos=PROPN:NNP:Number=Sing 2 means mean VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 any any DET DT PronType=Ind 4 det _ _ 4 driver driver NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 obj _ _ 5 in in ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 6 French French PROPN NNP Number=Sing 4 nmod _ _ 7 ; ; PUNCT , _ 9 punct _ _ 8 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 9 nsubj _ _ 9 comes come VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=2:conj 10 from from ADP IN _ 11 case _ _ 11 chauffer chauffer NOUN NN Number=Sing 9 obl _ _ 12 , , PUNCT , _ 14 punct _ _ 13 to to PART TO _ 14 mark _ _ 14 heat heat VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 9 advcl _ _ 15 , , PUNCT , _ 23 punct _ _ 16 because because SCONJ IN _ 23 mark _ _ 17 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 19 det _ _ 18 first first ADJ JJ Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord 19 amod _ _ 19 drivers driver NOUN NNS Number=Plur 23 nsubj _ _ 20 of of ADP IN _ 22 case _ _ 21 steam steam NOUN NN Number=Sing 22 compound _ _ 22 engines engine NOUN NNS Number=Plur 19 nmod _ _ 23 kept keep VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 9 advcl _ _ 24 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 25 det _ _ 25 fire fire NOUN NN Number=Sing 23 obj _ _ 26 hot hot ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 23 xcomp _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=25:amod 27 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **mean** | present | Chauffeur | any driver | | | | in French | vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot driver=Theme in french=Attribute | | 2 | **come** | present | chauffeur | | | chauffer | | | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from chauffer=Initial\_Location | | 3 | **heat** | to-infinitive | chauffeur *not said here* | | | | | | vn cooking-45.3 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | | 4 | **keep** | past | the first drivers of steam engines | the fire | | | | hot *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fire=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:french:036-english-words-that-came-from-french.lesson:16`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [English words that came from French, 15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/36-english-words-that-came-from-french/15/) - next →: [English words that came from French, 17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/36-english-words-that-came-from-french/17/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/36-english-words-that-came-from-french/)