--- title: Borrowed words can change on the way: souvenir means any memory in F… — English words that came from French · tree and pragmatics description: Borrowed words can change on the way: souvenir means any memory in French, chauffeur means any driver, and French audiences shout "Bis !" where English audiences shout "Encore!" Who acts: Borrowed words, souvenir, chauffeur, French audiences. A sentence of the lesson «English words that came from Fr --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/36-english-words-that-came-from-french/4/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [French](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/) / [English words that came from French](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/36-english-words-that-came-from-french/) / 4 # English words that came from French, sentence 4 Borrowed words can change on the way: souvenir means any memory in French, chauffeur means any driver, and French audiences shout "Bis !" where English audiences shout "Encore!" **Who acts:** Borrowed words, souvenir, chauffeur, French audiences, English audiences · **What happens:** borrow, change, mean, shout · **To what, where:** way, memory, driver, Bis, Encore This is a sentence of the lesson «English words that came from French» of the french course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Borrowed words, souvenir, chauffeur, French audiences), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:french:036-english-words-that-came-from-french.lesson:4 # text = Borrowed words can change on the way: souvenir means any memory in French, chauffeur means any driver, and French audiences shout "Bis !" where English audiences shout "Encore!" # source = school lesson (ours) # course = french # lesson = 036-english-words-that-came-from-french.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×3, R7-rel-agree ×1 1 Borrowed borrow VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 2 amod _ _ 2 words word NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 nsubj _ _ 3 can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 4 aux _ _ 4 change change VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 0 root _ _ 5 on on ADP IN _ 7 case _ _ 6 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 7 det _ _ 7 way way NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 obl _ _ 8 : : PUNCT : _ 10 punct _ _ 9 souvenir souvenir NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 nsubj _ _ 10 means mean VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 7 acl:relcl _ _ 11 any any DET DT PronType=Ind 12 det _ _ 12 memory memory NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 obj _ _ 13 in in ADP IN _ 14 case _ _ 14 French French PROPN NNP Number=Sing 12 nmod _ _ 15 , , PUNCT , _ 17 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=16:punct 16 chauffeur chauffeur NOUN NN Number=Sing 17 nsubj _ _ 17 means mean VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 10 conj _ _ 18 any any DET DT PronType=Ind 19 det _ _ 19 driver driver NOUN NN Number=Sing 17 obj _ _ 20 , , PUNCT , _ 24 punct _ _ 21 and and CCONJ CC _ 24 cc _ _ 22 French French ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 23 amod _ _ 23 audiences audience NOUN NNS Number=Plur 24 nsubj _ _ 24 shout shout VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 advcl _ _ 25 " " PUNCT `` _ 26 punct _ _ 26 Bis bis PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 24 obj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=24:conj 27 ! ! PUNCT . _ 26 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=4:punct 28 " " PUNCT '' _ 26 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=4:punct 29 where where ADV WRB PronType=Rel 32 advmod _ _ 30 English English ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 31 amod _ _ 31 audiences audience NOUN NNS Number=Plur 32 nsubj _ _ 32 shout shout VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 24 advcl _ _ 33 " " PUNCT `` _ 34 punct _ _ 34 Encore encore NOUN NN Number=Sing 32 obj _ _ 35 ! ! PUNCT . _ 34 punct _ _ 36 " " PUNCT '' _ 34 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: changed form=decl, act=assert | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **borrow** | participle | | | | | | | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | | 2 | **change** | can | Borrowed words | | | the way | | | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **mean** | present | souvenir | any memory | | | | in French | vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot memory=Theme in french=Attribute | | 4 | **mean** | present | chauffeur | any driver | | | | | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent driver=Topic | | 5 | **shout** *speech: express* | present | French audiences | Bis | | | | | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bis=Topic | | 6 | **shout** *speech: express* | present | English audiences | Encore | | | | | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent encore=Topic | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:french:036-english-words-that-came-from-french.lesson:4`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×3, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [English words that came from French, 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/36-english-words-that-came-from-french/3/) - next →: [English words that came from French, 5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/36-english-words-that-came-from-french/5/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/36-english-words-that-came-from-french/)