--- title: Geography — a course of Mova's primary school, with trees and pragmatics description: Maps and the world: scale, directions, latitude and longitude, map projections, time zones, continents and oceans, islands and seas, the countries and capitals of Europe, the British Isles, the United States, the English-speaking world, and the regions of Asia, Africa and the Americas. 64 lessons, 1 --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / Geography # Geography Maps and the world: scale, directions, latitude and longitude, map projections, time zones, continents and oceans, islands and seas, the countries and capitals of Europe, the British Isles, the United States, the English-speaking world, and the regions of Asia, Africa and the Americas. The geography course of Mova's primary school: 64 lessons, 1117 sentences, each sentence with its syntax tree and pragmatics. Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) (Mova corpus 0.4). - [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/1-maps-and-scale/) — Maps and scale — 18 sentences · A map is the world shrunk by the same amount everywhere, so a ruler on paper can still measure real distances. - [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/2-directions-latitude-and-longitude/) — Directions, latitude and longitude — 15 sentences · Every place on Earth has an address made of two numbers: latitude, how far north or south of the equator, an… - [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/3-projections-why-greenland-looks-huge/) — Projections: why Greenland looks huge — 16 sentences · Try pressing a piece of orange peel flat: it tears or stretches, and the same happens to the Earth's round s… - [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/4-time-zones-and-the-date-line/) — Time zones and the date line — 17 sentences · The Earth turns 360 degrees in 24 hours, 15 degrees an hour, so noon slides westwards around the planet like… - [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/5-continents-and-oceans/) — Continents and oceans — 15 sentences · Look at a globe from below and you see mostly blue: oceans cover about 71 percent of the Earth, and all the… - [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/6-islands-seas-and-lakes/) — Islands, seas and lakes — 17 sentences · An island is land with water all round; the biggest is Greenland, because Australia is counted as a continen… - [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/7-europe-countries-and-capitals/) — Europe: countries and capitals — 17 sentences · Today's map is much simpler, about 44 to 50 countries, and even that number depends on whether you count Rus… - [8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/8-the-british-isles-and-the-united-kingdom/) — The British Isles and the United Kingdom — 12 sentences · Start EU5 in 1337 and England and Scotland are rival kingdoms, while England's grip on Ireland barely reache… - [9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/9-the-united-states/) — The United States — 14 sentences · But the game's "empty" colonial land was never empty: millions of Native Americans lived there, and disease,… - [10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/10-canada-australia-new-zealand-ireland-and-the-english-speaking-world/) — Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland and the rest of the English-speaking world — 19 sentences · English spread from one small island to more than 50 countries mainly through trade, settlement and empire,… - [11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/11-east-south-and-south-east-asia/) — East, South and South-East Asia: countries and capitals — 15 sentences · More than half of all the people on Earth live in Asia, and most of them live in its east, south and south-e… - [12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/12-middle-east-and-central-asia/) — The Middle East and Central Asia — 18 sentences · People who live there often prefer names such as South-West Asia and North Africa. - [13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/13-africa-countries-and-capitals/) — Africa: countries and capitals — 20 sentences · Africa is a huge continent with 54 countries in the United Nations, more than any other continent, and more… - [14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/14-latin-america-and-the-caribbean/) — Latin America and the Caribbean — 18 sentences · Why do Brazilians speak Portuguese while their neighbours speak Spanish? - [15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/15-the-arctic-and-antarctica/) — The Arctic and Antarctica — 19 sentences · The two polar regions are opposites: the Arctic, at the top of the world, is a frozen ocean surrounded by la… - [16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/16-the-great-rivers/) — The great rivers — 18 sentences · A great river collects rain from a huge area, called its basin, through thousands of smaller streams called… - [17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/17-mountains-and-highlands/) — Mountains and highlands — 15 sentences · Most great mountains are pushed up where pieces of the Earth's crust crash together very slowly: India is st… - [18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/18-deserts/) — Deserts — 16 sentences · A desert is a place where very little rain or snow falls, usually less than about 250 mm a year, so a desert… - [19](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/19-straits-the-narrow-doors/) — Straits: Bosporus, Gibraltar, Malacca, Hormuz and the other narrow doors — 19 sentences · A strait is a narrow stretch of sea joining two larger bodies of water, like a door between two rooms. - [20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/20-canals-suez-panama-and-the-shortcuts/) — Canals: Suez, Panama and the shortcuts — 20 sentences · A canal is a waterway dug by people, a shortcut where nature left none. - [21](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/21-climate-zones-and-why-they-are-where-they-are/) — Climate zones and why they are where they are — 19 sentences · Sunlight does the same on the round Earth: near the equator it falls almost straight down and heats hard, ne… - [22](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/22-winds-monsoons-and-ocean-currents/) — Winds, monsoons and ocean currents — 20 sentences · On a sunny afternoon at the beach the land heats faster than the sea, the warm air over the sand rises, and… - [23](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate/) — Weather, storms and the changing climate — 19 sentences · Weather is what the sky is doing right now: a shower on the way to school, a windy afternoon. - [24](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/24-population-and-cities/) — Population and cities — 22 sentences · Imagine everyone on Earth standing in one long queue: about 8.2 billion people today. - [25](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/25-languages-and-peoples-on-the-map/) — Languages and peoples on the map — 21 sentences · Say "mother" in English, "mater" in Latin, "mat" in Russian and "madar" in Persian: they sound alike because… - [26](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/26-food-and-farming-around-the-world/) — Food and farming around the world — 21 sentences · Look at a plate of chips with ketchup and a cup of hot chocolate: the potato, the tomato and the cocoa all c… - [27](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/27-resources-and-what-countries-trade/) — Resources and what countries trade — 22 sentences · Britain cannot grow bananas outdoors, and Ecuador does not build many jet engines, so each sells what it is… - [28](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/28-the-silk-road/) — The Silk Road — 22 sentences · Think of passing a note along a row of desks: nobody walks the whole way, each pupil hands it to the next. - [29](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/29-the-spice-trade-and-the-indian-ocean/) — The spice trade and the Indian Ocean — 17 sentences · Today a pepper pot sits on every café table. - [30](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/30-the-atlantic-routes-and-the-slave-trade/) — The Atlantic routes and the slave trade — 21 sentences · A sailing ship could not go straight wherever it liked: it had to follow the winds. - [31](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/31-borders-why-they-are-where-they-are/) — Borders: why they are where they are — 17 sentences · A border is a line that people agreed on, or fought over, to show where one country ends and the next begins… - [32](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/32-venice-the-ottomans-and-the-mediterranean/) — Venice, the Ottomans and the Mediterranean — 17 sentences · Venice is a city built on more than a hundred small islands in a shallow lagoon, where enemy ships ran agrou… - [33](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/33-castile-portugal-and-the-first-sea-empires/) — Castile, Portugal and the first sea empires — 17 sentences · Portugal and Castile sat on the edge of Europe, facing the open Atlantic, so while Venice owned the old Medi… - [34](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/34-muscovy-england-and-france-how-the-big-powers-grew/) — Muscovy, England and France: how the big powers grew — 18 sentences · Big countries were not born big: in 1337 Moscow was a small principality paying tribute to the Golden Horde,… - [35](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/35-the-mughals-the-ming-and-the-empires-of-asia/) — The Mughals, the Ming and the empires of Asia — 17 sentences · In the years Europa Universalis 5 covers, the richest and most crowded lands on Earth were not in Europe but… - [36](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/36-the-people-who-were-already-there/) — The people who were already there: what colonisation did — 16 sentences · Europa Universalis 5 often paints the Americas, Australia and much of Africa as empty land waiting for colon… - [37](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/37-how-empires-fell-the-map-of-the-20th-century/) — How empires fell: the map of the 20th century — 16 sentences · In 1914 a world map looked like a few huge patches of colour: European empires, with the USA and Japan, rule… - [38](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/38-todays-world-the-un-the-eu-and-the-commonwealth/) — Today's world: the UN, the EU and the Commonwealth — 16 sentences · In Europa Universalis 5 countries deal with each other only through alliances, marriages and wars, but today… - [39](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/39-odd-places-microstates-enclaves-and-disputed-lands/) — Odd places: microstates, enclaves and disputed lands — 18 sentences · Most countries are big blobs on the map, but a few are so tiny you could walk across them before lunch: Vati… - [40](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/40-the-game-map-and-the-real-map-what-eu5-simplifies/) — The game map and the real map: what EU5 simplifies — 18 sentences · Europa Universalis 5 is a brilliant map of the years 1337 to 1836, but every game must simplify, the way a f… - [41](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/41-inside-the-earth/) — Inside the Earth — 17 sentences · The Earth is not solid rock all the way through: it is built in layers, a bit like a peach with a thin skin,… - [42](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/42-plate-tectonics/) — Plate tectonics — 16 sentences · The Earth's hard outer shell, the lithosphere, is cracked into giant pieces called plates, which fit togethe… - [43](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/43-moving-continents-from-pangaea-to-today/) — Moving continents: from Pangaea to today — 16 sentences · Then Pangaea tore apart, first into Laurasia in the north and Gondwana in the south, and the pieces drifted… - [44](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/44-earthquakes/) — Earthquakes — 17 sentences · Rocks along a crack in the crust, a fault, want to slide past each other but are stuck; the strain builds up… - [45](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/45-tsunamis/) — Tsunamis — 17 sentences · A tsunami is not one giant surfing wave: it is a series of huge waves made when something suddenly shoves a… - [46](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/46-volcanoes-how-and-where/) — Volcanoes: how and where — 15 sentences · A volcano is an opening in the crust where melted rock, gas and ash escape from inside the Earth; the mounta… - [47](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/47-famous-eruptions-and-living-with-volcanoes/) — Famous eruptions and living with volcanoes — 16 sentences · Some eruptions changed history: in AD 79 Vesuvius buried Pompeii and Herculaneum, and in 1815 Tambora threw… - [48](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/48-igneous-rocks-and-the-rock-cycle/) — Igneous rocks and the rock cycle — 17 sentences · Igneous rocks are "fire rocks": they form when molten rock cools and hardens, either deep underground or on… - [49](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/49-sedimentary-and-metamorphic-rocks/) — Sedimentary and metamorphic rocks — 15 sentences · Because each layer settles on top of the one before, in rock that has not been disturbed the lowest layers a… - [50](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/50-minerals-and-crystals/) — Minerals and crystals — 15 sentences · Rocks are made of minerals, the way a fruit cake is made of flour, sugar and raisins: a mineral is a natural… - [51](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/51-gemstones-and-precious-metals/) — Gemstones and precious metals — 21 sentences · A gemstone is a stone people cut and polish because it is beautiful, rare and hard enough to last. - [52](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/52-weathering-and-erosion/) — Weathering and erosion — 17 sentences · Rocks look as if they last for ever, but they are slowly being broken and carried away. - [53](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/53-rivers-shaping-the-land/) — Rivers shaping the land — 19 sentences · A river is a long conveyor belt for water and rock. - [54](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/54-glaciers-and-ice-ages/) — Glaciers and ice ages — 19 sentences · A glacier is a river of ice. - [55](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/55-coasts-and-caves/) — Coasts and caves — 16 sentences · The coast is where land and sea fight, and in storms the waves hit cliffs with huge force, hurling pebbles a… - [56](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/56-soil/) — Soil — 17 sentences · Soil is not just dirt. - [57](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/57-fossils/) — Fossils — 19 sentences · A fossil is a message from a living thing that died long ago, usually more than 10,000 years ago. - [58](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/58-deep-time-and-the-story-of-life/) — Deep time and the story of life — 18 sentences · The Earth is about 4.54 billion years old, a span so huge that geologists call it deep time. - [59](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/59-coal-oil-and-gas/) — Coal, oil and gas — 20 sentences · Coal, oil and natural gas are called fossil fuels because they are made from living things that died million… - [60](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/60-metals-mining-and-what-they-cost/) — Metals, mining and what they cost — 19 sentences · Almost every metal in your house began as a rock. - [61](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/61-the-map-of-the-just-so-stories-from-the-north-atlantic-to-the-limpopo-and-surrey/) — The map of the Just So Stories: from the North Atlantic to the Limpopo, the Amazon and Surrey — 12 sentences · Kipling knew the world well. - [62](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/62-the-river-thames-and-the-sea-rat-s-voyage-from-constantinople-to-the-english-channel/) — The River Thames and the Sea Rat's voyage: from Constantinople to the English Channel — 15 sentences · The River in «The Wind in the Willows» never gets a name, but it is really the Thames, where Kenneth Grahame… - [63](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/63-olympiad-maps-directions-and-clocks/) — Olympiad: maps, directions and clocks ★★★ — 18 sentences · This olympiad lesson mixes the first lessons of the course - scale, compass points, latitude and longitude,… - [64](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/64-olympiad-which-country-am-i/) — Olympiad: which country am I? ★★★ — 14 sentences · A "which country am I?" chain gives clues one by one, and each clue crosses some countries off the list unti… - ← previous: [French](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/) - next →: [History](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/) - ↑ back to [the school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/)