---
title: From the late 1200s, sailors in the Mediterranean used portolan char… — Maps and scale · tree and pragmatics
description: From the late 1200s, sailors in the Mediterranean used portolan charts, sea maps with coastlines and criss-crossing compass lines. Who acts: sailors. A sentence of the lesson «Maps and scale» of the geography course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause
---

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[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Geography](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/) / [Maps and scale](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/1-maps-and-scale/) / 15

# Maps and scale, sentence 15

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From the late 1200s, sailors in the Mediterranean used portolan charts, sea maps with coastlines and criss-crossing compass lines.

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**Who acts:** sailors · **What happens:** use, criss, cross · **To what, where:** portolan charts, late 1200s, crossing compass lines

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Maps and scale» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (sailors), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:geography:001-maps-and-scale.lesson:15
# text = From the late 1200s, sailors in the Mediterranean used portolan charts, sea maps with coastlines and criss-crossing compass lines.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = geography
# lesson = 001-maps-and-scale.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1
1	From	from	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	late	late	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	1200s	1200	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Card	10	obl	_	_
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	sailors	sailor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	Mediterranean	Mediterranean	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	portolan	portolan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	charts	chart	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	_
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	maps	map	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	conj	_	_
16	with	with	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	coastlines	coastline	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nmod	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	criss	criss	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	17	conj	_	_
20	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	19	punct	_	_
21	crossing	cross	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	23	amod	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=23:compound|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing
22	compass	compass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	compound	_	_
23	lines	line	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obj	_	_
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | past | sailors in the Mediterranean | portolan charts and sea maps with coastlines |  | the late 1200s |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent chart=Patient |
| 2 | **criss** | infinitive | sailors in the Mediterranean *not said here* | crossing compass lines |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **cross** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:geography:001-maps-and-scale.lesson:15`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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