--- title: Many African borders were not drawn by Africans: at the Berlin Confe… — Africa: countries and capitals · tree and pragmatics description: Many African borders were not drawn by Africans: at the Berlin Conference of 1884 and 1885 European powers agreed rules for dividing Africa among themselves, and no African was in the room. Who acts: Africans, European powers, rules, African. A sentence of the lesson «Africa: countries and capitals» --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/13-africa-countries-and-capitals/1/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Geography](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/) / [Africa: countries and capitals](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/13-africa-countries-and-capitals/) / 1 # Africa: countries and capitals, sentence 1 Many African borders were not drawn by Africans: at the Berlin Conference of 1884 and 1885 European powers agreed rules for dividing Africa among themselves, and no African was in the room. **Who acts:** Africans, European powers, rules, African · **What happens:** not draw, agree, divide, be · **To what, where:** Many African borders, rules, Berlin Conference, Africa, room This is a sentence of the lesson «Africa: countries and capitals» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Africans, European powers, rules, African), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:geography:013-africa-countries-and-capitals.lesson:1 # text = Many African borders were not drawn by Africans: at the Berlin Conference of 1884 and 1885 European powers agreed rules for dividing Africa among themselves, and no African was in the room. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = geography # lesson = 013-africa-countries-and-capitals.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1 1 Many many ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 3 amod _ _ 2 African African ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 3 amod _ _ 3 borders border NOUN NNS Number=Plur 6 nsubj:pass _ _ 4 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 6 aux:pass _ _ 5 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 6 advmod _ _ 6 drawn draw VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 7 by by ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 8 Africans African PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 6 obl:agent _ _ 9 : : PUNCT : _ 13 punct _ _ 10 at at ADP IN _ 13 case _ _ 11 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 13 det _ _ 12 Berlin Berlin PROPN NNP Number=Sing 13 compound _ _ 13 Conference Conference PROPN NNP Number=Sing 20 obl _ _ 14 of of ADP IN _ 15 case _ _ 15 1884 1884 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 13 nmod _ _ 16 and and CCONJ CC _ 17 cc _ _ 17 1885 1885 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 15 conj _ _ 18 European European ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 19 amod _ _ 19 powers power NOUN NNS Number=Plur 20 nsubj _ _ 20 agreed agree VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 6 parataxis _ _ 21 rules rule NOUN NNS Number=Plur 20 obj _ _ 22 for for SCONJ IN _ 23 mark _ _ 23 dividing divide VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 21 acl _ _ 24 Africa Africa PROPN NNP Number=Sing 23 obj _ _ 25 among among ADP IN _ 26 case _ _ 26 themselves themselves PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes 23 obl _ _ 27 , , PUNCT , _ 34 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=30:punct 28 and and CCONJ CC _ 31 cc _ _ 29 no no DET DT PronType=Neg 30 det _ _ 30 African African NOUN NN Number=Sing 31 nsubj _ _ 31 was be VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 6 conj _ _ 32 in in ADP IN _ 34 case _ _ 33 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 34 det _ _ 34 room room NOUN NN Number=Sing 31 obl _ _ 35 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **not** **draw** | past · passive | Africans | Many African borders | | | | | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme | | 2 | **agree** *speech: agree* | past | European powers | rules | | the Berlin Conference of 1884 | | | vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent rule=Topic | | 3 | **divide** | gerund | rules *not said here* | Africa | | | | among powers *= power* | vn multiply-108-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent africa=Theme | | 4 | **be** | past | no African | | | the room | | | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in room=Location | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:geography:013-africa-countries-and-capitals.lesson:1`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Africa: countries and capitals, 0](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/13-africa-countries-and-capitals/0/) - next →: [Africa: countries and capitals, 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/13-africa-countries-and-capitals/2/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/13-africa-countries-and-capitals/)