--- title: Most African countries won independence between 1956 and 1975; Ghana… — Africa: countries and capitals · tree and pragmatics description: Most African countries won independence between 1956 and 1975; Ghana in 1957 was the first colony south of the Sahara to break free from European rule, and 17 countries became independent in 1960, the «Year of Africa». Who acts: Most African countries, Ghana, 17 countries. A sentence of the lesson « --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/13-africa-countries-and-capitals/16/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Geography](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/) / [Africa: countries and capitals](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/13-africa-countries-and-capitals/) / 16 # Africa: countries and capitals, sentence 16 Most African countries won independence between 1956 and 1975; Ghana in 1957 was the first colony south of the Sahara to break free from European rule, and 17 countries became independent in 1960, the «Year of Africa». **Who acts:** Most African countries, Ghana, 17 countries · **What happens:** won, be, break, become · **To what, where:** independence, first colony, 1960 This is a sentence of the lesson «Africa: countries and capitals» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Most African countries, Ghana, 17 countries), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:geography:013-africa-countries-and-capitals.lesson:16 # text = Most African countries won independence between 1956 and 1975; Ghana in 1957 was the first colony south of the Sahara to break free from European rule, and 17 countries became independent in 1960, the «Year of Africa». # source = school lesson (ours) # course = geography # lesson = 013-africa-countries-and-capitals.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R6-punct-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Most most ADJ JJS Degree=Sup 3 amod _ _ 2 African African ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 3 amod _ _ 3 countries country NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 nsubj _ _ 4 won won VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 17 parataxis _ _ 5 independence independence NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 obj _ _ 6 between between ADP IN _ 7 case _ _ 7 1956 1956 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 4 obl _ _ 8 and and CCONJ CC _ 9 cc _ _ 9 1975 1975 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 7 conj _ _ 10 ; ; PUNCT , _ 11 punct _ _ 11 Ghana Ghana PROPN NNP Number=Sing 17 nsubj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=17:nsubj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 12 in in ADP IN _ 13 case _ _ 13 1957 1957 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 11 nmod _ _ 14 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 17 cop _ _ 15 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 17 det _ _ 16 first first ADJ JJ Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord 17 amod _ _ 17 colony colony NOUN NN Number=Sing 0 root _ _ 18 south south ADV RB _ 17 advmod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=21:advmod 19 of of ADP IN _ 21 case _ _ 20 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 21 det _ _ 21 Sahara Sahara PROPN NNP Number=Sing 18 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=17:nmod|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 22 to to PART TO _ 23 mark _ _ 23 break break VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 17 acl _ _ 24 free free ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 23 xcomp _ _ 25 from from ADP IN _ 27 case _ _ 26 European European ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 27 amod _ _ 27 rule rule NOUN NN Number=Sing 24 obl _ _ 28 , , PUNCT , _ 32 punct _ _ 29 and and CCONJ CC _ 32 cc _ _ 30 17 17 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 31 nummod _ _ 31 countries country NOUN NNS Number=Plur 32 nsubj _ _ 32 became become VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 17 conj _ _ 33 independent independent ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 32 xcomp _ _ 34 in in ADP IN _ 35 case _ _ 35 1960 1960 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 32 obl _ _ 36 , , PUNCT , _ 32 punct _ _ 37 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 39 det _ _ 38 « « PUNCT `` _ 39 punct _ _ 39 Year Year PROPN NNP Number=Sing 35 appos _ _ 40 of of ADP IN _ 41 case _ _ 41 Africa Africa PROPN NNP Number=Sing 39 nmod _ _ 42 » » PUNCT '' _ 39 punct _ _ 43 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=17:punct ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **won** | past | Most African countries | independence | | | | between 1956 | tree rules | | 2 | **is a** | past | Ghana in 1957 | the first colony | | | | south *property* | tree rules | | 3 | **break** | to-infinitive | | | | | | free *property* | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient | | 4 | **become** | past | 17 countries | | | | | in 1960 *result*; independent *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient in 1960=Result | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:geography:013-africa-countries-and-capitals.lesson:16`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R6-punct-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Africa: countries and capitals, 15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/13-africa-countries-and-capitals/15/) - next →: [Africa: countries and capitals, 17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/13-africa-countries-and-capitals/17/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/13-africa-countries-and-capitals/)