---
title: After 1492 the Indigenous population of the Americas collapsed, in m… — Latin America and the Caribbean · tree and pragmatics
description: After 1492 the Indigenous population of the Americas collapsed, in many regions by perhaps nine out of ten within a century, mostly from new diseases such as smallpox, along with war and forced labour; the exact numbers are still debated. Who acts: Indigenous population. A sentence of the lesson «La
---

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# Latin America and the Caribbean, sentence 12

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After 1492 the Indigenous population of the Americas collapsed, in many regions by perhaps nine out of ten within a century, mostly from new diseases such as smallpox, along with war and forced labour; the exact numbers are still debated.

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**Who acts:** Indigenous population · **What happens:** collapse, force, debate · **To what, where:** many regions, exact numbers

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Latin America and the Caribbean» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Indigenous population), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:geography:014-latin-america-and-the-caribbean.lesson:12
# text = After 1492 the Indigenous population of the Americas collapsed, in many regions by perhaps nine out of ten within a century, mostly from new diseases such as smallpox, along with war and forced labour; the exact numbers are still debated.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = geography
# lesson = 014-latin-america-and-the-caribbean.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1, R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1
1	After	after	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	1492	1492	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	obl	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	Indigenous	Indigenous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=5:compound|HaikuPos=PROPN:NNP:Number=Sing
5	population	population	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	Americas	Americas	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
9	collapsed	collapse	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	regions	region	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	_
14	by	by	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	perhaps	perhaps	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
16	nine	nine	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	13	nmod	_	_
17	out	out	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	ten	ten	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	16	nmod	_	_
20	within	within	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	century	century	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	_
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
24	mostly	mostly	ADV	RB	_	27	advmod	_	_
25	from	from	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	27	amod	_	_
27	diseases	disease	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=16:conj
28	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	30	case	_	_
29	as	as	ADP	IN	_	28	fixed	_	_
30	smallpox	smallpox	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	nmod	_	_
31	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
32	along	along	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
33	with	with	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
34	war	war	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	nmod	_	_
35	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	37	cc	_	Agree=R1-cc-next|Haiku=34:cc
36	forced	force	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	37	amod	_	_
37	labour	labour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	conj	_	_
38	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	44	punct	_	_
39	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	41	det	_	_
40	exact	exact	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	41	amod	_	_
41	numbers	number	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	44	nsubj:pass	_	_
42	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	44	aux:pass	_	_
43	still	still	ADV	RB	_	44	advmod	_	_
44	debated	debate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	conj	_	_
45	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: narrate
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **collapse** | past | the Indigenous population of the Americas |  |  | many regions by nine out ten within a century | after 1492 | from new diseases such smallpox along war and forced labour | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **force** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **debate** | present · passive |  | the exact numbers |  |  | still |  | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Co-Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:geography:014-latin-america-and-the-caribbean.lesson:12`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1, R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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- ← previous: [Latin America and the Caribbean, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/14-latin-america-and-the-caribbean/11/)
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