---
title: Lima, Peru's capital, was founded by the Spanish in 1535, while the… — Latin America and the Caribbean · tree and pragmatics
description: Lima, Peru's capital, was founded by the Spanish in 1535, while the Inca capital had been Cusco, high in the Andes. Who acts: Spanish, Inca capital. A sentence of the lesson «Latin America and the Caribbean» of the geography course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics
---

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# Latin America and the Caribbean, sentence 19

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Lima, Peru's capital, was founded by the Spanish in 1535, while the Inca capital had been Cusco, high in the Andes.

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**Who acts:** Spanish, Inca capital · **What happens:** found, be · **To what, where:** Lima, 1535, Cusco

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Latin America and the Caribbean» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Spanish, Inca capital), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:geography:014-latin-america-and-the-caribbean.lesson:19
# text = Lima, Peru's capital, was founded by the Spanish in 1535, while the Inca capital had been Cusco, high in the Andes.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = geography
# lesson = 014-latin-america-and-the-caribbean.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1
1	Lima	Lima	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
3	Peru	Peru	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod:poss	_	_
4	's	's	PART	POS	_	3	case	_	_
5	capital	capital	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	_
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
7	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	founded	found	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	Spanish	Spanish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	obl:agent	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	1535	1535	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	obl	_	_
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
15	while	while	SCONJ	IN	_	21	mark	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	Inca	Inca	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
18	capital	capital	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nsubj	_	_
19	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	aux	_	_
20	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	21	cop	_	_
21	Cusco	Cusco	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	advcl	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=8:parataxis
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
23	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
24	in	in	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	Andes	Andes	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	23	obl	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=21:nmod
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **found** | past · passive | the Spanish | Lima |  | 1535 |  |  | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient |
| 2 | **is a** | past · perfect | the Inca capital | Cusco |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:geography:014-latin-america-and-the-caribbean.lesson:19`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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