--- title: Since satellite measurements began in 1979, the area of Arctic sea i… — The Arctic and Antarctica · tree and pragmatics description: Since satellite measurements began in 1979, the area of Arctic sea ice at its September low has shrunk by roughly 40 percent, and the Arctic is warming about three to four times faster than the world as a whole: white ice reflects most sunlight back into space, but dark open sea soaks it up, so less --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/15-the-arctic-and-antarctica/16/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Geography](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/) / [The Arctic and Antarctica](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/15-the-arctic-and-antarctica/) / 16 # The Arctic and Antarctica, sentence 16 Since satellite measurements began in 1979, the area of Arctic sea ice at its September low has shrunk by roughly 40 percent, and the Arctic is warming about three to four times faster than the world as a whole: white ice reflects most sunlight back into space, but dark open sea soaks it up, so less ice means more warming. **Who acts:** satellite measurements, area, Arctic, white ice, dark open sea, less ice · **What happens:** begin, shrink, warm, reflect, soak up, mean · **To what, where:** 1979, most sunlight, Arctic, more warming This is a sentence of the lesson «The Arctic and Antarctica» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (satellite measurements, area, Arctic, white ice), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:geography:015-the-arctic-and-antarctica.lesson:16 # text = Since satellite measurements began in 1979, the area of Arctic sea ice at its September low has shrunk by roughly 40 percent, and the Arctic is warming about three to four times faster than the world as a whole: white ice reflects most sunlight back into space, but dark open sea soaks it up, so less ice means more warming. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = geography # lesson = 015-the-arctic-and-antarctica.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×3 1 Since since SCONJ IN _ 4 mark _ _ 2 satellite satellite NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 compound _ _ 3 measurements measurement NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 nsubj _ _ 4 began begin VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 19 advcl _ _ 5 in in ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 6 1979 1979 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 4 obl _ _ 7 , , PUNCT , _ 4 punct _ _ 8 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 9 det _ _ 9 area area NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 nsubj _ _ 10 of of ADP IN _ 13 case _ _ 11 Arctic arctic ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 13 amod _ _ 12 sea sea NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 compound _ _ 13 ice ice NOUN NN Number=Sing 9 nmod _ _ 14 at at ADP IN _ 17 case _ _ 15 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 17 nmod:poss _ _ 16 September September PROPN NNP Number=Sing 17 compound _ _ 17 low low NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 obl _ _ 18 has have AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 19 aux _ _ 19 shrunk shrink VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 0 root _ _ 20 by by ADP IN _ 23 case _ _ 21 roughly roughly ADV RB _ 22 advmod _ _ 22 40 40 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 23 nummod _ _ 23 percent percent NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 obl _ _ 24 , , PUNCT , _ 29 punct _ _ 25 and and CCONJ CC _ 29 cc _ _ 26 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 27 det _ _ 27 Arctic Arctic PROPN NNP Number=Sing 29 nsubj _ _ 28 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 29 aux _ _ 29 warming warm VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 19 conj _ _ 30 about about ADP IN _ 34 case _ _ 31 three three NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 34 nummod _ _ 32 to to ADP IN _ 33 case _ _ 33 four four NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 31 nmod _ _ 34 times time NOUN NNS Number=Plur 29 obl:unmarked _ _ 35 faster fast ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 29 advmod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=34:amod 36 than than ADP IN _ 38 case _ _ 37 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 38 det _ _ 38 world world NOUN NN Number=Sing 35 obl _ _ 39 as as ADP IN _ 41 case _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=41:mark|HaikuPos=SCONJ:IN:_ 40 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 41 det _ _ 41 whole whole ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 29 ccomp _ _ 42 : : PUNCT : _ 45 punct _ _ 43 white white ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 44 amod _ _ 44 ice ice NOUN NN Number=Sing 45 nsubj _ _ 45 reflects reflect VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 19 parataxis _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=41:conj 46 most most ADJ JJS Degree=Sup 47 amod _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=47:advmod|HaikuPos=ADV:RBS:Degree=Sup 47 sunlight sunlight NOUN NN Number=Sing 45 obj _ _ 48 back back ADV RB _ 47 advmod _ _ 49 into into ADP IN _ 50 case _ _ 50 space space NOUN NN Number=Sing 48 obl _ _ 51 , , PUNCT , _ 56 punct _ _ 52 but but CCONJ CC _ 56 cc _ _ 53 dark dark ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 55 amod _ _ 54 open open ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 55 amod _ _ 55 sea sea NOUN NN Number=Sing 56 nsubj _ _ 56 soaks soak VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 45 conj _ _ 57 it it PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 56 obj _ _ 58 up up ADP RP _ 56 compound:prt _ _ 59 , , PUNCT , _ 63 punct _ _ 60 so so ADV RB _ 63 advmod _ _ 61 less less ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 62 amod _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=62:advmod|HaikuPos=ADV:RBR:Degree=Cmp 62 ice ice NOUN NN Number=Sing 63 nsubj _ _ 63 means mean VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 56 parataxis _ _ 64 more more ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 65 amod _ _ 65 warming warming NOUN NN Number=Sing 63 obj _ _ 66 . . PUNCT . _ 19 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **begin** | past | satellite measurements | | | 1979 | | | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality | | 2 | **shrink** | present · perfect | the area of Arctic sea ice | | | | | by 40 percent; at area's September low | vn flinch-40.5 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer at low=Stimulus | | 3 | **warm** | present · progressive | the Arctic | | | | time | | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | | 4 | **reflect** | present | white ice | most sunlight | | | | | tree rules | | 5 | **soak up** | present | dark open sea | Arctic | | | | | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent it=Theme | | 6 | **mean** | present | less ice | more warming | | | | | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent warming=Topic | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:geography:015-the-arctic-and-antarctica.lesson:16`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×3. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [The Arctic and Antarctica, 15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/15-the-arctic-and-antarctica/15/) - next →: [The Arctic and Antarctica, 17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/15-the-arctic-and-antarctica/17/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/15-the-arctic-and-antarctica/)