--- title: The Scottish Highlands and the Appalachian Mountains of North Americ… — Mountains and highlands · tree and pragmatics description: The Scottish Highlands and the Appalachian Mountains of North America are parts of the same ancient mountain chain, formed over 400 million years ago before the Atlantic Ocean opened. Who acts: Scottish Highlands, Atlantic Ocean. A sentence of the lesson «Mountains and highlands» of the geography co --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/17-mountains-and-highlands/16/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Geography](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/) / [Mountains and highlands](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/17-mountains-and-highlands/) / 16 # Mountains and highlands, sentence 16 The Scottish Highlands and the Appalachian Mountains of North America are parts of the same ancient mountain chain, formed over 400 million years ago before the Atlantic Ocean opened. **Who acts:** Scottish Highlands, Atlantic Ocean · **What happens:** be, form, open · **To what, where:** parts, same ancient mountain chain This is a sentence of the lesson «Mountains and highlands» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Scottish Highlands, Atlantic Ocean), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:geography:017-mountains-and-highlands.lesson:16 # text = The Scottish Highlands and the Appalachian Mountains of North America are parts of the same ancient mountain chain, formed over 400 million years ago before the Atlantic Ocean opened. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = geography # lesson = 017-mountains-and-highlands.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1, R5-strong ×3, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 3 det _ _ 2 Scottish Scottish ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 3 amod _ _ 3 Highlands highland PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 12 nsubj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=12:nsubj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NNS:Number=Plur 4 and and CCONJ CC _ 7 cc _ Agree=R1-cc-next|Haiku=3:cc 5 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 7 det _ _ 6 Appalachian Appalachian PROPN NNP Number=Sing 7 compound _ _ 7 Mountains Mountain PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 3 conj _ _ 8 of of ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 9 North North PROPN NNP Number=Sing 10 compound _ _ 10 America America PROPN NNP Number=Sing 7 nmod _ _ 11 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 12 cop _ _ 12 parts part NOUN NNS Number=Plur 0 root _ _ 13 of of ADP IN _ 18 case _ _ 14 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 18 det _ _ 15 same same ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 18 amod _ _ 16 ancient ancient ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 18 amod _ _ 17 mountain mountain NOUN NN Number=Sing 18 compound _ _ 18 chain chain NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 nmod _ _ 19 , , PUNCT , _ 20 punct _ _ 20 formed form VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 18 acl _ _ 21 over over ADV RB _ 23 advmod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=22:advmod 22 400 400 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 23 compound _ _ 23 million million NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 24 nummod _ _ 24 years year NOUN NNS Number=Plur 25 obl:unmarked _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=20:obl:unmarked 25 ago ago ADV RB _ 20 advmod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=24:advmod 26 before before SCONJ IN _ 30 mark _ _ 27 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 29 det _ _ 28 Atlantic Atlantic PROPN NNP Number=Sing 29 compound _ _ 29 Ocean Ocean PROPN NNP Number=Sing 30 nsubj _ _ 30 opened open VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 20 advcl _ _ 31 . . PUNCT . _ 12 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is a** | present | the Scottish Highlands and the Appalachian Mountains of North America | parts | | | | of the same ancient mountain chain | tree rules | | 2 | **form** | participle | | the same ancient mountain chain *not said here* | | | | ago *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 3 | **open** | past | the Atlantic Ocean | | | | | | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:geography:017-mountains-and-highlands.lesson:16`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1, R5-strong ×3, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Mountains and highlands, 14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/17-mountains-and-highlands/14/) - next →: [Deserts, 0](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/18-deserts/0/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/17-mountains-and-highlands/)