--- title: Weather, storms and the changing climate — a lesson of Mova's school · trees and pragmatics description: «Weather, storms and the changing climate», a lesson of the geography course of Mova's primary school, sentence by sentence with dependency trees and pragmatics. It begins: Weather is what the sky is doing right now: a shower on the way to school, a windy afternoon. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Geography](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/) / Weather, storms and the changing climate # Weather, storms and the changing climate Lesson 23 of the geography course of Mova's primary school: 19 sentences, each with its syntax tree and pragmatics. The lessons are written for Mova, and their agreed trees are part of Mova corpus 0.4 (CC BY-SA 4.0). How Mova does on its tests: [the lesson at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/geography/23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate/). - [0](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate/0/) — Weather is what the sky is doing right now: a shower on the way to school, a windy afternoon. - [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate/1/) — Climate is the long average of weather over thirty years or more, the way your mood today differs from your whole personality. - [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate/2/) — Storms are moving heat. - [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate/3/) — A thunderstorm grows where warm, wet air shoots upwards into a tall cloud; a hurricane is a whole spinning engine of storms fed by warm tropical sea, with a calm eye in the middle and the fiercest wind just around it. - [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate/4/) — Some gases in the air, like carbon dioxide, act like a blanket and keep Earth warm enough to live on. - [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate/5/) — Since the 1800s people have burned so much coal, oil and gas that the blanket has thickened and Earth has warmed by about 1.3 degrees on average. - [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate/7/) — Europa Universalis 5 ends in 1836, just as coal and steam were starting the warming of today, and in the game a winter is just a season on the map. - [8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate/8/) — Real people of those centuries lived through colder winters, failed harvests and hurricanes that sank many Spanish treasure ships. - [9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate/9/) — Weather is what the air is doing today, while climate is the average pattern of weather over about 30 years or more. - [10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate/10/) — In Britain much rain comes from fronts, where a mass of warm air meets a mass of cold air and the warm air is pushed upwards; TV weather maps draw fronts as lines with triangles and half-circles. - [11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate/11/) — Hurricanes, typhoons and cyclones are the same kind of storm, a tropical cyclone, with different names in different oceans: hurricanes in the Atlantic, typhoons near Japan and China, and cyclones in the Indian Ocean. - [12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate/12/) — A tropical cyclone has a calm, often clear centre called the eye, surrounded by a wall of the strongest winds; as the eye passes over, the storm goes quiet for a while, then the other side of the wall hits. - [13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate/13/) — A thunderstorm forms when warm, moist air rises fast and builds a tall cumulonimbus cloud, where ice and water bump together and build up electric charge. - [14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate/14/) — Light travels much faster than sound, so you see lightning before you hear thunder, and each 3 seconds between them means about 1 kilometre. - [15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate/15/) — Gases such as carbon dioxide and methane trap some of the heat Earth gives off, keeping the planet warm enough for life; without them Earth would average about minus 18 degrees Celsius; this is called the greenhouse effect. - [16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate/16/) — Since the 1800s Earth has warmed by about 1.3 degrees Celsius on average, mainly because people burn coal, oil and gas. - [18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate/18/) — Sea level has risen by more than 20 centimetres since 1900, and it is now rising faster, which puts low places such as the Netherlands, Bangladesh and islands like Tuvalu most at risk; melting ice on land raises the sea, but floating sea ice already pushes aside its own weight of water, so its melting barely does. - [19](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate/19/) — A warmer climate makes heatwaves more common, dries the ground faster and, because warm air holds more water, can make heavy downpours heavier, and in 2022 Britain recorded over 40 degrees Celsius for the first time. - [20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate/20/) — El Niño is a pattern every few years in which the eastern tropical Pacific becomes unusually warm, changing weather around the world, for example bringing drought to Australia and floods to Peru. - ← previous: [Winds, monsoons and ocean currents](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/22-winds-monsoons-and-ocean-currents/) - next →: [Population and cities](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/24-population-and-cities/) - ↑ back to [Geography](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/)