---
title: Since about 2007 more than half of all people have lived in towns an… — Population and cities · tree and pragmatics
description: Since about 2007 more than half of all people have lived in towns and cities, and some cities now hold over 10 million. Who acts: half, cities. A sentence of the lesson «Population and cities» of the geography course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every claus
---

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# Population and cities, sentence 7

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Since about 2007 more than half of all people have lived in towns and cities, and some cities now hold over 10 million.

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**Who acts:** half, cities · **What happens:** live, hold · **To what, where:** towns, 10 million

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Population and cities» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (half, cities), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:geography:024-population-and-cities.lesson:7
# text = Since about 2007 more than half of all people have lived in towns and cities, and some cities now hold over 10 million.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = geography
# lesson = 024-population-and-cities.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1
1	Since	since	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	about	about	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	2007	2007	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	11	obl	_	_
4	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp|ExtPos=ADV	6	advmod	_	_
5	than	than	ADP	IN	_	4	fixed	_	_
6	half	half	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing|NumForm=Word|NumType=Frac	11	nsubj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	9	det	_	_
9	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
10	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	lived	live	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	towns	town	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	cities	city	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	conj	_	_
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	Agree=R2-punct-next|Haiku=11:punct
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
18	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	19	det	_	_
19	cities	city	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	nsubj	_	_
20	now	now	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	_
21	hold	hold	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	conj	_	_
22	over	over	ADV	RB	_	24	advmod	_	_
23	10	10	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	24	compound	_	_
24	million	million	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	21	obj	_	_
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: narrate
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | present · perfect | half of all people |  |  | towns and cities | since 2007 |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in town=Location |
| 2 | **hold** | present | some cities | 10 million |  |  | now |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent million=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:geography:024-population-and-cities.lesson:7`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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- ← previous: [Population and cities, 6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/24-population-and-cities/6/)
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