--- title: A lingua franca is a shared language used between people who speak d… — Languages and peoples on the map · tree and pragmatics description: A lingua franca is a shared language used between people who speak different first languages, such as Swahili in East Africa. Who acts: lingua, people. A sentence of the lesson «Languages and peoples on the map» of the geography course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragma --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/25-languages-and-peoples-on-the-map/20/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Geography](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/) / [Languages and peoples on the map](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/25-languages-and-peoples-on-the-map/) / 20 # Languages and peoples on the map, sentence 20 A lingua franca is a shared language used between people who speak different first languages, such as Swahili in East Africa. **Who acts:** lingua, people · **What happens:** share, be, use, speak · **To what, where:** shared language, different first languages · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Languages and peoples on the map» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (lingua, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:geography:025-languages-and-peoples-on-the-map.lesson:20 # text = A lingua franca is a shared language used between people who speak different first languages, such as Swahili in East Africa. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = geography # lesson = 025-languages-and-peoples-on-the-map.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1 1 A a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 lingua lingua NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 nsubj _ _ 3 franca franca PROPN NNP Number=Sing 2 appos _ _ 4 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 7 cop _ _ 5 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 7 det _ _ 6 shared share VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 7 amod _ _ 7 language language NOUN NN Number=Sing 0 root _ _ 8 used use VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 7 acl _ _ 9 between between ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 10 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 obl _ _ 11 who who PRON WP PronType=Rel 12 nsubj _ _ 12 speak speak VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 10 acl:relcl _ _ 13 different different ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 15 amod _ _ 14 first first ADJ JJ Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord 15 amod _ _ 15 languages language NOUN NNS Number=Plur 12 obj _ _ 16 , , PUNCT , _ 19 punct _ _ 17 such such ADJ JJ Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP 19 case _ _ 18 as as ADP IN _ 17 fixed _ _ 19 Swahili Swahili PROPN NNP Number=Sing 15 nmod _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=15:conj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 20 in in ADP IN _ 21 case _ _ 21 East East PROPN NNP Number=Sing 19 nmod _ _ 22 Africa Africa PROPN NNP Number=Sing 21 flat _ _ 23 . . PUNCT . _ 7 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **share** | participle | | | | | | | tree rules | | 2 | **is a** | present | a lingua | a shared language | | | | | tree rules | | 3 | **use** | participle | | a shared language *not said here* | | | | between people | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 4 | **speak** *speech: other* | present | people | different first languages | | | | such Swahili in East | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:geography:025-languages-and-peoples-on-the-map.lesson:20`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Languages and peoples on the map, 19](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/25-languages-and-peoples-on-the-map/19/) - next →: [Languages and peoples on the map, 21](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/25-languages-and-peoples-on-the-map/21/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/25-languages-and-peoples-on-the-map/)