--- title: Latin spread with the Roman Empire and slowly became Spanish, Portug… — Languages and peoples on the map · tree and pragmatics description: Latin spread with the Roman Empire and slowly became Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian and Romanian; Arabic spread across North Africa after the 600s; Spanish, Portuguese, English and French spread with colonies and empires. Who acts: Latin, Arabic, Spanish. A sentence of the lesson «Languages an --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/25-languages-and-peoples-on-the-map/3/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Geography](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/) / [Languages and peoples on the map](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/25-languages-and-peoples-on-the-map/) / 3 # Languages and peoples on the map, sentence 3 Latin spread with the Roman Empire and slowly became Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian and Romanian; Arabic spread across North Africa after the 600s; Spanish, Portuguese, English and French spread with colonies and empires. **Who acts:** Latin, Arabic, Spanish · **What happens:** spread, become · **To what, where:** North Africa This is a sentence of the lesson «Languages and peoples on the map» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Latin, Arabic, Spanish), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:geography:025-languages-and-peoples-on-the-map.lesson:3 # text = Latin spread with the Roman Empire and slowly became Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian and Romanian; Arabic spread across North Africa after the 600s; Spanish, Portuguese, English and French spread with colonies and empires. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = geography # lesson = 025-languages-and-peoples-on-the-map.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×5 1 Latin Latin PROPN NNP Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ _ 2 spread spread VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 with with ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 4 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 6 det _ _ 5 Roman Roman PROPN NNP Number=Sing 6 compound _ _ 6 Empire empire NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 obl _ _ 7 and and CCONJ CC _ 9 cc _ _ 8 slowly slowly ADV RB _ 9 advmod _ _ 9 became become VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 2 conj _ _ 10 Spanish Spanish ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 9 xcomp _ _ 11 , , PUNCT , _ 12 punct _ _ 12 Portuguese Portuguese ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 10 conj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=10:conj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 13 , , PUNCT , _ 14 punct _ _ 14 French French ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 10 conj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=10:conj|HaikuPos=PROPN:NNP:Number=Sing 15 , , PUNCT , _ 16 punct _ _ 16 Italian Italian ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 10 conj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=10:conj|HaikuPos=PROPN:NNP:Number=Sing 17 and and CCONJ CC _ 18 cc _ _ 18 Romanian Romanian PROPN NNP Number=Sing 10 conj _ _ 19 ; ; PUNCT , _ 21 punct _ _ 20 Arabic Arabic PROPN NNP Number=Sing 21 nsubj _ _ 21 spread spread VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 2 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=2:conj 22 across across ADP IN _ 24 case _ _ 23 North North PROPN NNP Number=Sing 24 compound _ _ 24 Africa Africa PROPN NNP Number=Sing 21 obl _ _ 25 after after ADP IN _ 27 case _ _ 26 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 27 det _ _ 27 600s 600 NOUN NNS Number=Ptan|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Card 21 obl _ _ 28 ; ; PUNCT , _ 31 punct _ _ 29 Spanish Spanish PROPN NNP Number=Sing 36 nsubj _ _ 30 , , PUNCT , _ 31 punct _ Agree=R2-punct-next|Haiku=29:punct 31 Portuguese Portuguese ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 29 conj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=29:conj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 32 , , PUNCT , _ 33 punct _ _ 33 English English PROPN NNP Number=Sing 29 conj _ _ 34 and and CCONJ CC _ 35 cc _ _ 35 French French ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 29 conj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=29:conj|HaikuPos=PROPN:NNP:Number=Sing 36 spread spread VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 2 conj _ _ 37 with with ADP IN _ 38 case _ _ 38 colonies colony NOUN NNS Number=Plur 36 obl _ _ 39 and and CCONJ CC _ 40 cc _ _ 40 empires empire NOUN NNS Number=Plur 38 conj _ _ 41 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **spread** | past | Latin | | | | | with the Roman Empire | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 2 | **become** | past | Latin *not said here* | | | | | slowly, spanish *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient | | 3 | **spread** | past | Arabic | | | North Africa | after the 600s | | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme across africa=Destination | | 4 | **spread** | past | Spanish and English | | | | | with colonies and empires | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:geography:025-languages-and-peoples-on-the-map.lesson:3`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×5. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Languages and peoples on the map, 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/25-languages-and-peoples-on-the-map/2/) - next →: [Languages and peoples on the map, 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/25-languages-and-peoples-on-the-map/4/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/25-languages-and-peoples-on-the-map/)