--- title: Between 1405 and 1433 the Chinese admiral Zheng He led seven great f… — The spice trade and the Indian Ocean · tree and pragmatics description: Between 1405 and 1433 the Chinese admiral Zheng He led seven great fleets for the Ming across the Indian Ocean, as far as East Africa; his biggest ships were larger than Columbus's, though historians argue about their exact size. Who acts: Chinese admiral, biggest ships, historians. A sentence of th --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/29-the-spice-trade-and-the-indian-ocean/14/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Geography](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/) / [The spice trade and the Indian Ocean](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/29-the-spice-trade-and-the-indian-ocean/) / 14 # The spice trade and the Indian Ocean, sentence 14 Between 1405 and 1433 the Chinese admiral Zheng He led seven great fleets for the Ming across the Indian Ocean, as far as East Africa; his biggest ships were larger than Columbus's, though historians argue about their exact size. **Who acts:** Chinese admiral, biggest ships, historians · **What happens:** lead, be, argue · **To what, where:** seven great fleets, Indian Ocean This is a sentence of the lesson «The spice trade and the Indian Ocean» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Chinese admiral, biggest ships, historians), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:geography:029-the-spice-trade-and-the-indian-ocean.lesson:14 # text = Between 1405 and 1433 the Chinese admiral Zheng He led seven great fleets for the Ming across the Indian Ocean, as far as East Africa; his biggest ships were larger than Columbus's, though historians argue about their exact size. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = geography # lesson = 029-the-spice-trade-and-the-indian-ocean.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1 1 Between between ADP IN _ 2 case _ _ 2 1405 1405 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 10 obl _ _ 3 and and CCONJ CC _ 4 cc _ Agree=R1-cc-next|Haiku=2:cc 4 1433 1433 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 2 conj _ _ 5 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 7 det _ _ 6 Chinese Chinese ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 7 amod _ _ 7 admiral admiral NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 nsubj _ _ 8 Zheng Zheng PROPN NNP Number=Sing 7 appos _ _ 9 He he PROPN NNP Number=Sing 8 flat _ _ 10 led lead VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 11 seven seven NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 13 nummod _ _ 12 great great ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 13 amod _ _ 13 fleets fleet NOUN NNS Number=Plur 10 obj _ _ 14 for for ADP IN _ 16 case _ _ 15 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 16 det _ _ 16 Ming Ming PROPN NNP Number=Sing 10 obl _ _ 17 across across ADP IN _ 20 case _ _ 18 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 20 det _ _ 19 Indian Indian ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 20 amod _ _ 20 Ocean Ocean PROPN NNP Number=Sing 10 obl _ _ 21 , , PUNCT , _ 32 punct _ _ 22 as as ADV RB _ 23 advmod _ _ 23 far far ADV RB Degree=Pos 10 advmod _ _ 24 as as ADP IN _ 26 case _ _ 25 East East PROPN NNP Number=Sing 26 compound _ _ 26 Africa Africa PROPN NNP Number=Sing 23 obl _ _ 27 ; ; PUNCT , _ 32 punct _ _ 28 his his PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 30 nmod:poss _ _ 29 biggest big ADJ JJS Degree=Sup 30 amod _ _ 30 ships ship NOUN NNS Number=Plur 32 nsubj _ _ 31 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 32 cop _ _ 32 larger large ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 10 parataxis _ _ 33 than than ADP IN _ 34 case _ _ 34 Columbus Columbus PROPN NNP Number=Sing 32 obl _ _ 35 's 's PART POS _ 34 case _ _ 36 , , PUNCT , _ 39 punct _ _ 37 though though SCONJ IN _ 39 mark _ _ 38 historians historian NOUN NNS Number=Plur 39 nsubj _ _ 39 argue argue VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 32 advcl _ _ 40 about about ADP IN _ 43 case _ _ 41 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 43 nmod:poss _ _ 42 exact exact ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 43 amod _ _ 43 size size NOUN NN Number=Sing 39 obl _ _ 44 . . PUNCT . _ 10 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **lead** | past | the Chinese admiral | seven great fleets | | the Indian Ocean | | between 1405; for the Ming; far *property* | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent fleet=Theme between 1405=Destination | | 2 | **is** | past | admiral's biggest ships | | | | | than Columbus; large *property* | tree rules | | 3 | **argue** *speech: disagree* | present | historians | | | | | about historians's exact size | vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V PP.theme S»: agent=Agent about size=Topic | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:geography:029-the-spice-trade-and-the-indian-ocean.lesson:14`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [The spice trade and the Indian Ocean, 12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/29-the-spice-trade-and-the-indian-ocean/12/) - next →: [The spice trade and the Indian Ocean, 15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/29-the-spice-trade-and-the-indian-ocean/15/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/29-the-spice-trade-and-the-indian-ocean/)