--- title: Long before Europeans arrived, the Indian Ocean was a busy sea of tr… — The spice trade and the Indian Ocean · tree and pragmatics description: Long before Europeans arrived, the Indian Ocean was a busy sea of trade linking East Africa, Arabia, Persia, India, South-East Asia and China, with great ports like Malacca, Calicut and Kilwa and huge Chinese fleets under Zheng He. Who acts: Europeans, Indian Ocean, trade. A sentence of the lesson « --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/29-the-spice-trade-and-the-indian-ocean/3/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Geography](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/) / [The spice trade and the Indian Ocean](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/29-the-spice-trade-and-the-indian-ocean/) / 3 # The spice trade and the Indian Ocean, sentence 3 Long before Europeans arrived, the Indian Ocean was a busy sea of trade linking East Africa, Arabia, Persia, India, South-East Asia and China, with great ports like Malacca, Calicut and Kilwa and huge Chinese fleets under Zheng He. **Who acts:** Europeans, Indian Ocean, trade · **What happens:** arrive, be, link · **To what, where:** busy sea, East Africa This is a sentence of the lesson «The spice trade and the Indian Ocean» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Europeans, Indian Ocean, trade), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:geography:029-the-spice-trade-and-the-indian-ocean.lesson:3 # text = Long before Europeans arrived, the Indian Ocean was a busy sea of trade linking East Africa, Arabia, Persia, India, South-East Asia and China, with great ports like Malacca, Calicut and Kilwa and huge Chinese fleets under Zheng He. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = geography # lesson = 029-the-spice-trade-and-the-indian-ocean.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Long long ADV RB Degree=Pos 4 advmod _ _ 2 before before SCONJ IN _ 4 mark _ _ 3 Europeans European PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 4 nsubj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=4:nsubj|HaikuPos=NOUN:NNS:Number=Plur 4 arrived arrive VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 12 advcl _ _ 5 , , PUNCT , _ 12 punct _ _ 6 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 8 det _ _ 7 Indian Indian ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 8 amod _ _ 8 Ocean Ocean PROPN NNP Number=Sing 12 nsubj _ _ 9 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 12 cop _ _ 10 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 12 det _ _ 11 busy busy ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 12 amod _ _ 12 sea sea NOUN NN Number=Sing 0 root _ _ 13 of of ADP IN _ 14 case _ _ 14 trade trade NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 nmod _ _ 15 linking link VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 14 acl _ _ 16 East East PROPN NNP Number=Sing 17 compound _ _ 17 Africa Africa PROPN NNP Number=Sing 15 obj _ _ 18 , , PUNCT , _ 19 punct _ _ 19 Arabia Arabia PROPN NNP Number=Sing 17 conj _ _ 20 , , PUNCT , _ 21 punct _ _ 21 Persia Persia PROPN NNP Number=Sing 17 conj _ _ 22 , , PUNCT , _ 23 punct _ _ 23 India India PROPN NNP Number=Sing 17 conj _ _ 24 , , PUNCT , _ 28 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=25:punct 25 South South PROPN NNP Number=Sing 28 compound _ _ 26 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 28 punct _ _ 27 East East PROPN NNP Number=Sing 28 compound _ _ 28 Asia Asia PROPN NNP Number=Sing 17 conj _ _ 29 and and CCONJ CC _ 30 cc _ _ 30 China China PROPN NNP Number=Sing 17 conj _ Agree=R3-conj-first|Haiku=28:conj 31 , , PUNCT , _ 34 punct _ _ 32 with with ADP IN _ 34 case _ _ 33 great great ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 34 amod _ _ 34 ports port NOUN NNS Number=Plur 15 obl _ _ 35 like like ADP IN _ 36 case _ _ 36 Malacca Malacca PROPN NNP Number=Sing 34 nmod _ _ 37 , , PUNCT , _ 38 punct _ _ 38 Calicut Calicut PROPN NNP Number=Sing 36 conj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=36:nmod:unmarked 39 and and CCONJ CC _ 40 cc _ _ 40 Kilwa Kilwa PROPN NNP Number=Sing 36 conj _ _ 41 and and CCONJ CC _ 44 cc _ _ 42 huge huge ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 44 amod _ _ 43 Chinese Chinese ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 44 amod _ _ 44 fleets fleet NOUN NNS Number=Plur 36 conj _ _ 45 under under ADP IN _ 46 case _ _ 46 Zheng Zheng PROPN NNP Number=Sing 44 nmod _ _ 47 He He PROPN NNP _ 46 flat _ _ 48 . . PUNCT . _ 12 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **arrive** | past | Europeans | | | | | long *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 2 | **is a** | past | the Indian Ocean | a busy sea | | | | of trade | tree rules | | 3 | **link** | gerund | trade *not said here* | East Africa and Arabia and Persia and India and South East Asia and China | | | | with great ports like Malacca and Calicut and Kilwa and huge Chinese fleets under Zheng | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent africa=Patient with port=Co-Patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:geography:029-the-spice-trade-and-the-indian-ocean.lesson:3`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [The spice trade and the Indian Ocean, 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/29-the-spice-trade-and-the-indian-ocean/2/) - next →: [The spice trade and the Indian Ocean, 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/29-the-spice-trade-and-the-indian-ocean/4/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/29-the-spice-trade-and-the-indian-ocean/)